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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value derived by the local community from cultural heritage and natural heritage in Jugra, Kuala Langat, as it has the potential to be a recognized heritage tourism site. The quantitative approach was used by conducting a survey study. A total of 392 respondents among the local community were selected through a purposive sampling technique. The collected data were processed with SPSS software and analyzed using cross tabulation analysis. Then, several hypotheses were tested using AMOS software. The result showed that Jugra’s unique heritage elements positively influenced the respondent’s willingness to accept and fund its tourism development. Socioeconomic factors also influenced the respondents’ disposition to preserve heritage. The findings revealed that there was priceless value when respondents agreed with the development, although they had never visited the heritage sites. Their physical, economic, and social valuation made them proud of the heritage, as it is a reflection of their identity. This study also aims to emphasize the role of local community as one of the stakeholders, as they should also be able to benefit from tourism development. All these would help boost the tourism industry, particularly through the archaeo-tourism and eco-tourism perspectives.
Zainab Roslan; Zuliskandar Ramli; Muhammad Razman; M. Asyraf; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; N. Nurazzi. Reflections on Local Community Identity by Evaluating Heritage Sustainability Protection in Jugra, Selangor, Malaysia. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8705 .
AMA StyleZainab Roslan, Zuliskandar Ramli, Muhammad Razman, M. Asyraf, M. Ishak, R. Ilyas, N. Nurazzi. Reflections on Local Community Identity by Evaluating Heritage Sustainability Protection in Jugra, Selangor, Malaysia. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):8705.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZainab Roslan; Zuliskandar Ramli; Muhammad Razman; M. Asyraf; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; N. Nurazzi. 2021. "Reflections on Local Community Identity by Evaluating Heritage Sustainability Protection in Jugra, Selangor, Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8705.
Natural fibers have attracted great attention from industrial players and researchers for the exploitation of polymer composites because of their “greener” nature and contribution to sustainable practice. Various industries have shifted toward sustainable technology in order to improve the balance between the environment and social and economic concerns. This manuscript aims to provide a brief review of the development of the foremost natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite (NFRPC) product designs and their applications. The first part of the manuscript presents a summary of the background of various natural fibers and their composites in the context of engineering applications. The behaviors of NFPCs vary with fiber type, source, and structure. Several drawbacks of NFPCs, e.g., higher water absorption rate, inferior fire resistance, and lower mechanical properties, have limited their applications. This has necessitated the development of good practice in systematic engineering design in order to attain optimized NRPC products. Product design and manufacturing engineering need to move in a mutually considerate manner in order to produce successful natural fiber-based composite material products. The design process involves concept design, material selection, and finally, the manufacturing of the design. Numerous products have been commercialized using natural fibers, e.g., sports equipment, musical instruments, and electronic products. In the end, this review provides a guideline for the product design process based on natural fibers, which subsequently leads to a sustainable design.
M. Azman; M. Asyraf; A. Khalina; Michal Petrů; C. Ruzaidi; S. Sapuan; W. Wan Nik; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; M. Suriani. Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite Material for Product Design: A Short Review. Polymers 2021, 13, 1917 .
AMA StyleM. Azman, M. Asyraf, A. Khalina, Michal Petrů, C. Ruzaidi, S. Sapuan, W. Wan Nik, M. Ishak, R. Ilyas, M. Suriani. Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite Material for Product Design: A Short Review. Polymers. 2021; 13 (12):1917.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Azman; M. Asyraf; A. Khalina; Michal Petrů; C. Ruzaidi; S. Sapuan; W. Wan Nik; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; M. Suriani. 2021. "Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite Material for Product Design: A Short Review." Polymers 13, no. 12: 1917.
The existing cross arms in high transmission towers are made of pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer composite (PGFRPC). The moisture, temperature change in the atmosphere, and other environmental factors affect the performance of these members and cause a complete failure. It is apparent that any material used in such applications is susceptible to attack from environmental factors. Therefore, a feasible solution for this issue is to enhance the PGFRPC with a composite-filled sandwich structure as an alternative that could sustain longer than the existing cross arms due to its superior performance under bending and compressive loads. This paper presents a case study on experimental and analytical mechanical performance of both PGFRPCs and composite-filled sandwich structure. In this review, the composite-filled sandwich structure is proposed as an alternative to the conventional PGFRPC.
A.L. Amir; M.R. Ishak; N. Yidris; M.Y.M. Zuhri; M.R.M. Asyraf. Advances of composite cross arms with incorporation of material core structures: Manufacturability, recent progress and views. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2021, 13, 1115 -1131.
AMA StyleA.L. Amir, M.R. Ishak, N. Yidris, M.Y.M. Zuhri, M.R.M. Asyraf. Advances of composite cross arms with incorporation of material core structures: Manufacturability, recent progress and views. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2021; 13 ():1115-1131.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA.L. Amir; M.R. Ishak; N. Yidris; M.Y.M. Zuhri; M.R.M. Asyraf. 2021. "Advances of composite cross arms with incorporation of material core structures: Manufacturability, recent progress and views." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 13, no. : 1115-1131.
Polymer composites filled with metal derivatives have been widely used in recent years, particularly as flame retardants, due to their superior characteristics, including high thermal behavior, low environmental degradation, and good fire resistance. The hybridization of metal and polymer composites produces various favorable properties, making them ideal materials for various advanced applications. The fire resistance performance of polymer composites can be enhanced by increasing the combustion capability of composite materials through the inclusion of metallic fireproof materials to protect the composites. The final properties of the metal-filled thermoplastic composites depend on several factors, including pore shape and distribution and morphology of metal particles. For example, fire safety equipment uses polyester thermoplastic and antimony sources with halogenated additives. The use of metals as additives in composites has captured the attention of researchers worldwide due to safety concern in consideration of people’s life and public properties. This review establishes the state-of-art flame resistance properties of metals/polymer composites for numerous industrial applications.
R. Ilyas; S. Sapuan; M. Asyraf; D. Dayana; J. Amelia; M. Rani; Mohd Norrrahim; N. Nurazzi; H. Aisyah; Shubham Sharma; M. Ishak; M. Rafidah; M. Razman. Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants. Polymers 2021, 13, 1701 .
AMA StyleR. Ilyas, S. Sapuan, M. Asyraf, D. Dayana, J. Amelia, M. Rani, Mohd Norrrahim, N. Nurazzi, H. Aisyah, Shubham Sharma, M. Ishak, M. Rafidah, M. Razman. Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants. Polymers. 2021; 13 (11):1701.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Ilyas; S. Sapuan; M. Asyraf; D. Dayana; J. Amelia; M. Rani; Mohd Norrrahim; N. Nurazzi; H. Aisyah; Shubham Sharma; M. Ishak; M. Rafidah; M. Razman. 2021. "Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants." Polymers 13, no. 11: 1701.
Sandwich structures made of glass-reinforced composite facesheet (FS) and honeycomb core are using in many load-carrying applications. This study aims to reduce the dependency on synthetic materials in the composite FS of sandwich structure. Recently, there has been rapid growth in research and innovation in the hybrid composite to achieve the comparable performance of synthetic materials and reduce the cost, weight, and environmental impact. In the present research, the mechanical properties (tensile, axial compression, and flexural) with flax/glass hybrid composite FS sandwich structure were investigated. The hybrid FS was fabricated with different ratios of glass and alkali-treated flax fiber. The sandwich structure with non-hybrid alkali-treated flax and glass composites FS were fabricated for comparison purposes. The overall results showed the potential of using hybrid reinforcement to improve the structural performance compared to non-hybrid flax composite and revealed the promising and comparable structural performance compared with glass composite. The hybrid composite FS by replacing 25% glass by weight with flax fiber achieved 96% axial compression strength and 92% flexural facing stress of glass composite. The H2 hybrid FS using glass in the outer showed only 6% lower flexural stiffness than non-hybrid glass composite when the normalized flexural stiffness results were compared.
W. Ashraf; M.R. Ishak; M.Y.M. Zuhri; N. Yidris; A.M. Ya'Acob. Effect on mechanical properties by partial replacement of the glass with alkali-treated flax fiber in composite facesheet of sandwich structure. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2021, 13, 89 -98.
AMA StyleW. Ashraf, M.R. Ishak, M.Y.M. Zuhri, N. Yidris, A.M. Ya'Acob. Effect on mechanical properties by partial replacement of the glass with alkali-treated flax fiber in composite facesheet of sandwich structure. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2021; 13 ():89-98.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW. Ashraf; M.R. Ishak; M.Y.M. Zuhri; N. Yidris; A.M. Ya'Acob. 2021. "Effect on mechanical properties by partial replacement of the glass with alkali-treated flax fiber in composite facesheet of sandwich structure." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 13, no. : 89-98.
Nowadays, pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite (PGFRPC) structures have been used widely for cross-arms in high transmission towers. These composite structures have replaced cross-arms of conventional materials like wood due to several factors, such as better strength, superior resistance to environmental degradation, reduced weight, and comparatively cheaper maintenance. However, lately, several performance failures have been found on existing cross-arm members, caused by moisture, temperature changes in the atmosphere, and other environmental factors, which may lead to a complete failure or reduced service life. As a potential solution for this problem, enhancing PGFRPC with honeycomb-filled composite structures will become a possible alternative that can sustain a longer service life compared to that of existing cross-arms. This is due to the new composite structures’ superior performance under mechanical duress in providing better stiffness, excellence in flexural characteristics, good energy absorption, and increased load-carrying capacity. Although there has been a lack of previous research done on the enhancement of existing composite cross-arms in applications for high transmission towers, several studies on the enhancement of hollow beams and tubes have been done. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review study on the mechanical efficiency of both PGFRPC structures and honeycomb-filled composite sandwich structures in experimental and analytical terms.
Abd Amir; Mohamad Ishak; Noorfaizal Yidris; Mohamed Zuhri; Muhammad Asyraf. Potential of Honeycomb-Filled Composite Structure in Composite Cross-Arm Component: A Review on Recent Progress and Its Mechanical Properties. Polymers 2021, 13, 1341 .
AMA StyleAbd Amir, Mohamad Ishak, Noorfaizal Yidris, Mohamed Zuhri, Muhammad Asyraf. Potential of Honeycomb-Filled Composite Structure in Composite Cross-Arm Component: A Review on Recent Progress and Its Mechanical Properties. Polymers. 2021; 13 (8):1341.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbd Amir; Mohamad Ishak; Noorfaizal Yidris; Mohamed Zuhri; Muhammad Asyraf. 2021. "Potential of Honeycomb-Filled Composite Structure in Composite Cross-Arm Component: A Review on Recent Progress and Its Mechanical Properties." Polymers 13, no. 8: 1341.
Over recent years, enthusiasm towards the manufacturing of biopolymers has attracted considerable attention due to the rising concern about depleting resources and worsening pollution. Among the biopolymers available in the world, polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the highest biopolymers produced globally and thus, making it suitable for product commercialisation. Therefore, the effectiveness of natural fibre reinforced PLA composite as an alternative material to substitute the non-renewable petroleum-based materials has been examined by researchers. The type of fibre used in fibre/matrix adhesion is very important because it influences the biocomposites’ mechanical properties. Besides that, an outline of the present circumstance of natural fibre-reinforced PLA 3D printing, as well as its functions in 4D printing for applications of stimuli-responsive polymers were also discussed. This research paper aims to present the development and conducted studies on PLA-based natural fibre bio-composites over the last decade. This work reviews recent PLA-derived bio-composite research related to PLA synthesis and biodegradation, its properties, processes, challenges and prospects.
R.A. Ilyas; S.M. Sapuan; M.M. Harussani; M.Y.A.Y. Hakimi; M.Z.M. Haziq; M.S.N. Atikah; M.R.M. Asyraf; M.R. Ishak; M.R. Razman; N.M. Nurazzi; M.N.F. Norrrahim; Hairul Abral; Mochamad Asrofi. Polylactic Acid (PLA) Biocomposite: Processing, Additive Manufacturing and Advanced Applications. Polymers 2021, 13, 1326 .
AMA StyleR.A. Ilyas, S.M. Sapuan, M.M. Harussani, M.Y.A.Y. Hakimi, M.Z.M. Haziq, M.S.N. Atikah, M.R.M. Asyraf, M.R. Ishak, M.R. Razman, N.M. Nurazzi, M.N.F. Norrrahim, Hairul Abral, Mochamad Asrofi. Polylactic Acid (PLA) Biocomposite: Processing, Additive Manufacturing and Advanced Applications. Polymers. 2021; 13 (8):1326.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR.A. Ilyas; S.M. Sapuan; M.M. Harussani; M.Y.A.Y. Hakimi; M.Z.M. Haziq; M.S.N. Atikah; M.R.M. Asyraf; M.R. Ishak; M.R. Razman; N.M. Nurazzi; M.N.F. Norrrahim; Hairul Abral; Mochamad Asrofi. 2021. "Polylactic Acid (PLA) Biocomposite: Processing, Additive Manufacturing and Advanced Applications." Polymers 13, no. 8: 1326.
Despite growing urban electricity consumption, information on actual energy use in the household sector is still limited and causal factors leading to electricity consumption remain speculative due to urban expansion and its growing complexity, particularly in developing countries such as Malaysia. This study aims to examine the critical determinants of household electricity consumption by evaluating the patterns and flows of consumption and analysing relationships and their effects on electricity usage among 620 urban households in Seremban, Malaysia. Results suggest that the average urban household electricity consumption is 648.31 kWh/month; this value continues to grow with the increase in the household monthly income (r = 0.360; p < 0.01) and number of rooms (r = 0.360; p < 0.01) as quality of life improves. A large portion of electricity is allocated for kitchen/home consumption, followed by cooling and lighting. Multiple linear regressions revealed that married households with a high monthly income and living in spacious houses together with three to five people are important predictors of electricity consumption in Seremban. This study empirically identified that the number of rooms is the most critical factor of electricity consumption and strategies to increase energy efficiency, maintain resource sustainability and minimise greenhouse gas threat on the urban ecosystem are vital. Therefore, promoting low carbon initiatives for energy conservation and technology improvement and implementing policies in the domestic sector are essential to achieve the greatest potential energy consumption reduction in urban regions.
Sharif Ali; Muhammad Razman; Azahan Awang; M. Asyraf; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; Roderick Lawrence. Critical Determinants of Household Electricity Consumption in a Rapidly Growing City. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4441 .
AMA StyleSharif Ali, Muhammad Razman, Azahan Awang, M. Asyraf, M. Ishak, R. Ilyas, Roderick Lawrence. Critical Determinants of Household Electricity Consumption in a Rapidly Growing City. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (8):4441.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharif Ali; Muhammad Razman; Azahan Awang; M. Asyraf; M. Ishak; R. Ilyas; Roderick Lawrence. 2021. "Critical Determinants of Household Electricity Consumption in a Rapidly Growing City." Sustainability 13, no. 8: 4441.
A novel class of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based nanomaterials has been surging since 1991 due to their noticeable mechanical and electrical properties, as well as their good electron transport properties. This is evidence that the development of CNT-reinforced polymer composites could contribute in expanding many areas of use, from energy-related devices to structural components. As a promising material with a wide range of applications, their poor solubility in aqueous and organic solvents has hindered the utilizations of CNTs. The current state of research in CNTs—both single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-reinforced polymer composites—was reviewed in the context of the presently employed covalent and non-covalent functionalization. As such, this overview intends to provide a critical assessment of a surging class of composite materials and unveil the successful development associated with CNT-incorporated polymer composites. The mechanisms related to the mechanical, thermal, and electrical performance of CNT-reinforced polymer composites is also discussed. It is vital to understand how the addition of CNTs in a polymer composite alters the microstructure at the micro- and nano-scale, as well as how these modifications influence overall structural behavior, not only in its as fabricated form but also its functionalization techniques. The technological superiority gained with CNT addition to polymer composites may be advantageous, but scientific values are here to be critically explored for reliable, sustainable, and structural reliability in different industrial needs.
Norizan Mohd Nurazzi; M.R.M. Asyraf; Abdan Khalina; Norli Abdullah; Fatimah Sabaruddin; Siti Kamarudin; So’Bah Ahmad; Annie Mahat; Chuan Lee; H. Aisyah; Mohd Norrrahim; R. Ilyas; M. Harussani; M. Ishak; S. Sapuan. Fabrication, Functionalization, and Application of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymer Composite: An Overview. Polymers 2021, 13, 1047 .
AMA StyleNorizan Mohd Nurazzi, M.R.M. Asyraf, Abdan Khalina, Norli Abdullah, Fatimah Sabaruddin, Siti Kamarudin, So’Bah Ahmad, Annie Mahat, Chuan Lee, H. Aisyah, Mohd Norrrahim, R. Ilyas, M. Harussani, M. Ishak, S. Sapuan. Fabrication, Functionalization, and Application of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymer Composite: An Overview. Polymers. 2021; 13 (7):1047.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNorizan Mohd Nurazzi; M.R.M. Asyraf; Abdan Khalina; Norli Abdullah; Fatimah Sabaruddin; Siti Kamarudin; So’Bah Ahmad; Annie Mahat; Chuan Lee; H. Aisyah; Mohd Norrrahim; R. Ilyas; M. Harussani; M. Ishak; S. Sapuan. 2021. "Fabrication, Functionalization, and Application of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Polymer Composite: An Overview." Polymers 13, no. 7: 1047.
This research is aimed at developing the sandwich structure with a hybrid composite facesheet and investigate its mechanical properties (tensile, edgewise compression, and flexural). The combination of renewable and synthetic materials appears to reduce the weight, cost, and environmental impact compared to pure synthetic materials. The hybrid composite facesheets were fabricated with different ratios and stacking sequence of flax and glass fibers. The nonhybrid flax and glass composite facesheet sandwich structures were fabricated for comparison. The overall mechanical performance of the sandwich structures was improved by increasing the glass fiber ratio in the hybrid composites. The experimental tensile properties of the hybrid facesheet and the edgewise compression strength and ultimate flexural facing stress of the hybrid composites sandwich structures were achieved higher when the results were normalized to the same fiber volume fraction of glass composite. The hybrid composite sandwich structure showed improved compression and flexural facing stress up to 68% and 75%, respectively, compared to nonhybrid flax composites. The hybrid composite using glass in the outer layer achieved the similar flexural stiffness of the nonhybrid glass composite with only a 6% higher thickness than the glass composite sandwich structure.
W. Ashraf; M. R. Ishak; M. Y. M. Zuhri; N. Yidris; A. M. Ya’Acob. Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of a Sandwich Structure Made of Flax/Glass Hybrid Composite Facesheet and Honeycomb Core. International Journal of Polymer Science 2021, 2021, 1 -10.
AMA StyleW. Ashraf, M. R. Ishak, M. Y. M. Zuhri, N. Yidris, A. M. Ya’Acob. Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of a Sandwich Structure Made of Flax/Glass Hybrid Composite Facesheet and Honeycomb Core. International Journal of Polymer Science. 2021; 2021 ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW. Ashraf; M. R. Ishak; M. Y. M. Zuhri; N. Yidris; A. M. Ya’Acob. 2021. "Experimental Investigation on the Mechanical Properties of a Sandwich Structure Made of Flax/Glass Hybrid Composite Facesheet and Honeycomb Core." International Journal of Polymer Science 2021, no. : 1-10.
Cross arms are mainly made up of wood (conventional) and pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer composite (modern) installed in suspension tower. However, the creep response of both materials has not been fully covered in many literatures to explain the long-term durability of the current cross arm design. Thus, it is necessary to find the creep trends and models to evaluate the behavior in the tropical outdoor environment. The creep properties of Balau wood and pultruded composite at load of 10, 20 and 30 % of ultimate flexural stress were evaluated from quasi-static flexural test results. Using several creep numerical models, the creep properties of wood and composite cross arms were modelled. The results showed that the GFRP had a significant value of flexural strength, while Balau wood performed better in flexural modulus. In terms of creep properties, GFRP specimen exhibited high creep resistance with greater stability during transition from elastic to viscoelastic phase. From numerical modelling perspective, the simulated creep trends from Burger and Norton models were deviated from the experimental data. Subsequently, the most suitable creep model to forecast the creep behavior for wood and composite specimens was Findley model. All in all, pultruded composite is the most appropriate durable material to be applied in cross arms, while Findley model is a suitable model to represent creep performance of anisotropic materials.
M. R. M. Asyraf; M. R. Ishak; S. M. Sapuan; N. Yidris. Comparison of Static and Long-term Creep Behaviors between Balau Wood and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite for Cross-arm Application. Fibers and Polymers 2021, 22, 793 -803.
AMA StyleM. R. M. Asyraf, M. R. Ishak, S. M. Sapuan, N. Yidris. Comparison of Static and Long-term Creep Behaviors between Balau Wood and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite for Cross-arm Application. Fibers and Polymers. 2021; 22 (3):793-803.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. R. M. Asyraf; M. R. Ishak; S. M. Sapuan; N. Yidris. 2021. "Comparison of Static and Long-term Creep Behaviors between Balau Wood and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite for Cross-arm Application." Fibers and Polymers 22, no. 3: 793-803.
Previously, numerous creep studies on wood materials have been conducted in various coupon-scale tests. None had conducted research on creep properties of full-scale wooden cross-arms under actual environment and working load conditions. Hence, this research established findings on effect of braced arms on the creep behaviors of Virgin Balau (Shorea dipterocarpaceae) wood timber cross-arm in 132 kV latticed tower. In this research, creep properties of the main members of both current and braced wooden cross-arm designs were evaluated under actual working load conditions at 1000 h. The wooden cross-arm was assembled on a custom-made creep test rig at an outdoor area to simulate its long-term mechanical behaviours under actual environment of tropical climate conditions. Further creep numerical analyses were also performed by using Findley and Burger models in order to elaborate the transient creep, elastic and viscoelastic moduli of both wooden cross-arm configurations. The findings display that the reinforcement of braced arms in cross-arm structure significantly reduced its creep strain. The inclusion of bracing system in cross-arm structure enhanced transient creep and stress independent material exponent of the wooden structure. The addition of braced arms also improved elastic and viscoelastic moduli of wooden cross-arm structure. Thus, the outcomes suggested that the installation of bracing system in wooden cross-arm could extend the structure’s service life. Subsequently, this effort would ease maintenance and reduce cost for long-term applications in transmission towers.
Muhammad Asyraf; Mohamad Ishak; Salit Sapuan; Noorfaizal Yidris. Influence of Additional Bracing Arms as Reinforcement Members in Wooden Timber Cross-Arms on Their Long-Term Creep Responses and Properties. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 2061 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Asyraf, Mohamad Ishak, Salit Sapuan, Noorfaizal Yidris. Influence of Additional Bracing Arms as Reinforcement Members in Wooden Timber Cross-Arms on Their Long-Term Creep Responses and Properties. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (5):2061.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Asyraf; Mohamad Ishak; Salit Sapuan; Noorfaizal Yidris. 2021. "Influence of Additional Bracing Arms as Reinforcement Members in Wooden Timber Cross-Arms on Their Long-Term Creep Responses and Properties." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5: 2061.
The application of pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites (PGFRPCs) as a replacement for conventional wooden cross-arms in transmission towers is relatively new. Although numerous studies have conducted creep tests on coupon-scale PGFRPC cross-arms, none had performed creep analyses on full-scale PGFRPC cross-arms under actual working load conditions. Thus, this work proposed to study the influence of an additional bracing system on the creep responses of PGFRPC cross-arms in a 132 kV transmission tower. The creep behaviors and responses of the main members in current and braced PGFRPC cross-arm designs were compared and evaluated in a transmission tower under actual working conditions. These PGFRPC cross-arms were subjected to actual working loads mimicking the actual weight of electrical cables and insulators for a duration of 1000 h. The cross-arms were installed on a custom test rig in an open area to simulate the actual environment of tropical climate conditions. Further creep analysis was performed by using Findley and Burger models on the basis of experimental data to link instantaneous and extended (transient and viscoelastic) creep strains. The addition of braced arms to the structure reduced the total strain of a cross-arm’s main member beams and improved elastic and viscous moduli. The addition of bracing arms improved the structural integrity and stiffness of the cross-arm structure. The findings of this study suggested that the use of a bracing system in cross-arm structures could prolong the structures’ service life and subsequently reduce maintenance effort and cost for long-term applications in transmission towers.
Muhammad Asyraf; Mohamad Ishak; Salit Sapuan; Noorfaizal Yidris. Utilization of Bracing Arms as Additional Reinforcement in Pultruded Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cross-Arms: Creep Experimental and Numerical Analyses. Polymers 2021, 13, 620 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Asyraf, Mohamad Ishak, Salit Sapuan, Noorfaizal Yidris. Utilization of Bracing Arms as Additional Reinforcement in Pultruded Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cross-Arms: Creep Experimental and Numerical Analyses. Polymers. 2021; 13 (4):620.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Asyraf; Mohamad Ishak; Salit Sapuan; Noorfaizal Yidris. 2021. "Utilization of Bracing Arms as Additional Reinforcement in Pultruded Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cross-Arms: Creep Experimental and Numerical Analyses." Polymers 13, no. 4: 620.
The interest in using natural fiber reinforced composites is now at its highest. Numerous studies have been conducted due to their positive benefits related to environmental issues. Even though they have limitations for some load requirements, this drawback has been countered through fiber treatment and hybridization. Sandwich structure, on the other hand, is a combination of two or more individual components with different properties, which when joined together can result in better performance. Sandwich structures have been used in a wide range of industrial material applications. They are known to be lightweight and good at absorbing energy, providing superior strength and stiffness-to-weight ratios, and offering opportunities, through design integration, to remove some components from the core element. Today, many industries use composite sandwich structures in a range of components. Through good design of the core structure, one can maximize the strength properties, with a low density. However, the application of natural fiber composites in sandwich structures is still minimal. Therefore, this paper reviewed the possibility of using a natural fiber composite in sandwich structure applications. It addressed the mechanical properties and energy-absorbing characteristics of natural fiber-based sandwich structures tested under various compression loads. The results and potential areas of improvement to fit into a wide range of engineering applications were discussed.
S. Alsubari; M. Y. M. Zuhri; S. M. Sapuan; M. R. Ishak; R. A. Ilyas; M. R. M. Asyraf. Potential of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Sandwich Structures: A Review on Its Mechanical Properties. Polymers 2021, 13, 423 .
AMA StyleS. Alsubari, M. Y. M. Zuhri, S. M. Sapuan, M. R. Ishak, R. A. Ilyas, M. R. M. Asyraf. Potential of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Sandwich Structures: A Review on Its Mechanical Properties. Polymers. 2021; 13 (3):423.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Alsubari; M. Y. M. Zuhri; S. M. Sapuan; M. R. Ishak; R. A. Ilyas; M. R. M. Asyraf. 2021. "Potential of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites in Sandwich Structures: A Review on Its Mechanical Properties." Polymers 13, no. 3: 423.
Recently, advanced technologies exploit materials from nonrenewable resources such as petroleum, natural gas, metal ores, and minerals. Since the depletion of these resources and environmental issues, it has brought attention to researchers to progress in the development of biodegradable materials from green composites. Most biofibres and biopolymers are obtained from agricultural waste products either from stem, leaf, stalk, or fruit. Nowadays, green composites with well-regulated life span have been widely discussed in numerous fields and applications. Some studies have shown that biofibres and biopolymers have comparable mechanical, thermal, and physical properties with glass fibre and other synthetic polymers. Thus, researchers are progressively narrowing down the development of green composite materials in many high strength applications, such as house deck and automotive components. This review focuses on the background of green composites (natural fibres and biopolymers), the manufacturing processes, potential applications in cross arm structures, and testing evaluations. This article also focuses on the specific current cross arm configurations and the pultrusion process to form squared hollow section beams. Many open issues and ideas for potential applications of green composites are analysed, and further emphases are given on the development of environmentally friendly material structures. Hence, the article is expected to deliver a state-of-art review on manufacturability and perspectives of natural fibre reinforced biopolymer composite cross arms for transmission towers.
M. R. M. Asyraf; M. R. Ishak; S. M. Sapuan; N. Yidris; R. A. Ilyas; M. Rafidah; M. R. Razman. Potential Application of Green Composites for Cross Arm Component in Transmission Tower: A Brief Review. International Journal of Polymer Science 2020, 2020, 1 -15.
AMA StyleM. R. M. Asyraf, M. R. Ishak, S. M. Sapuan, N. Yidris, R. A. Ilyas, M. Rafidah, M. R. Razman. Potential Application of Green Composites for Cross Arm Component in Transmission Tower: A Brief Review. International Journal of Polymer Science. 2020; 2020 ():1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. R. M. Asyraf; M. R. Ishak; S. M. Sapuan; N. Yidris; R. A. Ilyas; M. Rafidah; M. R. Razman. 2020. "Potential Application of Green Composites for Cross Arm Component in Transmission Tower: A Brief Review." International Journal of Polymer Science 2020, no. : 1-15.
As a result of their significant importance and applications in vast areas, including oil and gas, building construction, offshore structures, ships, and bridges, coating materials are regularly exposed to harsh environments which leads to coating delamination. Therefore, optimum interfacial bonding between coating and substrate, and the reason behind excellent adhesion strength is of utmost importance. However, the majority of studies on polymer coatings have used a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach. The main objective of this study was to implement statistical analysis in optimizing the factors to provide the optimum adhesion strength and to study the microstructure of a rice husk ash (RHA)-based geopolymer composite coating (GCC). Response surface methodology was used to design experiments and perform analyses. RHA/alkali activated (AA) ratio and curing temperature were chosen as factors. Adhesion tests were carried out using an Elcometer and a scanning electron microscope was used to observe the microstructure. Results showed that an optimum adhesion strength of 4.7 MPa could be achieved with the combination of RHA/AA ratio of 0.25 and curing temperature at 75 °C. The microstructure analysis revealed that coating with high adhesion strength had good interfacial bonding with the substrate. This coating had good wetting ability in which the coating penetrated the valleys of the profiles, thus wetting the entire substrate surface. A large portion of dense gel matrix also contributed to the high adhesion strength. Conversely, a large quantity of unreacted or partially reacted particles may result in low adhesion strength.
Mohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri; Faizal Mustapha; Norkhairunnisa Mazlan; Mohd Ridzwan Ishak. Optimization of Adhesion Strength and Microstructure Properties by Using Response Surface Methodology in Enhancing the Rice Husk Ash-Based Geopolymer Composite Coating. Polymers 2020, 12, 2709 .
AMA StyleMohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri, Faizal Mustapha, Norkhairunnisa Mazlan, Mohd Ridzwan Ishak. Optimization of Adhesion Strength and Microstructure Properties by Using Response Surface Methodology in Enhancing the Rice Husk Ash-Based Geopolymer Composite Coating. Polymers. 2020; 12 (11):2709.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohd Salahuddin Mohd Basri; Faizal Mustapha; Norkhairunnisa Mazlan; Mohd Ridzwan Ishak. 2020. "Optimization of Adhesion Strength and Microstructure Properties by Using Response Surface Methodology in Enhancing the Rice Husk Ash-Based Geopolymer Composite Coating." Polymers 12, no. 11: 2709.
This paper introduces the conceptual design of the wooden cross-arm of transmission towers using the application of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ), the morphological chart and the Analytical Network Process (ANP) methods. The main objective of this study is to develop and choose the optimal conceptual design of the component according to the requirements of the product design, with a particular focus on including wood in the design of the component. During early solution generation, the TRIZ contradiction matrix and 40 instruments were used for the solution of inventive principles. By using morphological charts, the key solution parameters for specific design features was refined to establish theoretical concepts systematically for the elements. Four design principles of the innovative element were developed and ANP finally used for carrying out a multi-criteria decision-making process to select the best design for the wooden cross-arm of transmission tower. A second conceptual design was chosen as the optimum design for the suggested designs based on the results.
Hussein Kadhim Sharaf; M.R. Ishak; S.M. Sapuan; N. Yidris. Conceptual design of the cross-arm for the application in the transmission towers by using TRIZ–morphological chart–ANP methods. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2020, 9, 9182 -9188.
AMA StyleHussein Kadhim Sharaf, M.R. Ishak, S.M. Sapuan, N. Yidris. Conceptual design of the cross-arm for the application in the transmission towers by using TRIZ–morphological chart–ANP methods. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2020; 9 (4):9182-9188.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussein Kadhim Sharaf; M.R. Ishak; S.M. Sapuan; N. Yidris. 2020. "Conceptual design of the cross-arm for the application in the transmission towers by using TRIZ–morphological chart–ANP methods." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9, no. 4: 9182-9188.
Cross arms in transmission tower are made up of Chengal wood, which degrade and collapse after a long period of service. This is due to creep deformation, and the rate of degradation is expedited due to exposure to extreme tropical climate. Hence, it is crucial to comprehend the early creep stage, which leads to structural failure. Apart from that, there are several research and industrial application gaps of these cross arms. For instance, creep life analysis of actual cross arms is still unexplored. In this study, the state-of-the-art is related to creep experiments and creep test rig designs, espacially on the creep test of a cantilever beam setup. The experimental methodologies implemented two vital approaches, conventional and accelerated techniques. The specific creep experiments on cantilever beam structure are emphasized and suggested in the manuscript as the building blocks for future design of cantilever creep test rig. This helps to guide future development design of cantilever beam creep test rig by fulfilling the specific criteria related to creep fundamentals, numerical modelling analysis, test operation for data evaluation, and development process. At the end, the challenges and improvements on the criteria existing design of test rigs are elaborated.
M. R. M. Asyraf; Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak; S. M. Sapuan; N. Yidris; R. M. Shahroze; A. N. Johari; M. Rafidah; R. A. Ilyas. Creep test rig for cantilever beam: Fundamentals, prospects and present views. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 2020, 14, 6869 -6887.
AMA StyleM. R. M. Asyraf, Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak, S. M. Sapuan, N. Yidris, R. M. Shahroze, A. N. Johari, M. Rafidah, R. A. Ilyas. Creep test rig for cantilever beam: Fundamentals, prospects and present views. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 2020; 14 (2):6869-6887.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. R. M. Asyraf; Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak; S. M. Sapuan; N. Yidris; R. M. Shahroze; A. N. Johari; M. Rafidah; R. A. Ilyas. 2020. "Creep test rig for cantilever beam: Fundamentals, prospects and present views." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 14, no. 2: 6869-6887.
This paper aims to carry out an experimental and numerical investigation of the mechanical behavior of full-scale wooden 123 KV 13 L Cross-arm that used in transmission towers. Two points bending test was conducted to obtain load-deflection data of both scenarios, normal condition scenario and broken wire condition scenario. Balau wood was used to fabricate the whole structure of the cross-arm which includes main, tie and bracing members. When it comes to the normal condition, standard load 7.98 K N, with 8 organized steps with angle Θ = 54.2° at YZ plan from Y-axis were applied. while Fr = 16 K N with 16 organized steps with angle Θ = 12.6° at the horizontal plan, α = 17.57° at vertical plane was applied for the broken wire condition. Deflection values due to these loads were determined by using 25 dial gauges that installed on both main members and tie members. Load-deflection investigation of both X–Y plots was considered for the main members while the Load-deflection investigation of Y plot was considered for tie members. Experiments of load-deflection data were validated by conducting a simulation process of normal conditions. The simulation process was designated to the first point (at R,L 734 mm) on the main members in both directions X and Y-axis during the normal condition. The numerical results of simulation have proven that the experiments were confident 93%.
Hussein Kadhim Sharaf; M.R. Ishak; S.M. Sapuan; N. Yidris; Arash Fattahi. Experimental and numerical investigation of the mechanical behavior of full-scale wooden cross arm in the transmission towers in terms of load-deflection test. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 2020, 9, 7937 -7946.
AMA StyleHussein Kadhim Sharaf, M.R. Ishak, S.M. Sapuan, N. Yidris, Arash Fattahi. Experimental and numerical investigation of the mechanical behavior of full-scale wooden cross arm in the transmission towers in terms of load-deflection test. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 2020; 9 (4):7937-7946.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussein Kadhim Sharaf; M.R. Ishak; S.M. Sapuan; N. Yidris; Arash Fattahi. 2020. "Experimental and numerical investigation of the mechanical behavior of full-scale wooden cross arm in the transmission towers in terms of load-deflection test." Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9, no. 4: 7937-7946.
Lightweight, high-strength metal matrix composites have attracted considerable interest because of their attractive physical, mechanical and tribological properties. Moreover, they may offer distinct advantages due to good strength and wear resistance. In this research, AA6063 was reinforced with FA particles using compocasting methods. The effects of fly ash content, load, sliding speed and performance tribology of AA6063 –FA composite were evaluated. Dry sliding wear tests were carried out according to experimental design using the pin-on-disc method with three different loads (24.5, 49 and 73.5 N) and three speeds (150, 200 and 250 rpm) at room temperature. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the influence of the process parameters on the tribological behavior of the composites. The surface plot showed that the wear rate increased with increasing load, time and sliding velocity. In contrast, the friction coefficient decreased with increasing these parameters. Optimal models for wear rate and friction coefficient showed appropriate results that can be estimated, hence reducing wear testing time and cost.
Alaa Mohammed Razzaq; Dayang Laila Majid; Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak; Uday Muwafaq Basheer. Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Tribological Properties of AA6063 Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with Fly Ash by Using Response Surface Methodology. Crystals 2020, 10, 403 .
AMA StyleAlaa Mohammed Razzaq, Dayang Laila Majid, Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak, Uday Muwafaq Basheer. Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Tribological Properties of AA6063 Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with Fly Ash by Using Response Surface Methodology. Crystals. 2020; 10 (5):403.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlaa Mohammed Razzaq; Dayang Laila Majid; Mohamad Ridzwan Ishak; Uday Muwafaq Basheer. 2020. "Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Tribological Properties of AA6063 Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with Fly Ash by Using Response Surface Methodology." Crystals 10, no. 5: 403.