The removal of solids is the most important step when treating rainwater. The article evaluates two designs of sedimentation tanks that can be used for the continuous separation of fine particles from water: OS—standard sedimentation tanks, and OW—swirl sedimentation tanks. The tanks were studied by conducting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling and particle image velocimetry (PIV) experiments. The settling process in sedimentation tank was carried out at varying operating flow rates. A tank with a modified structure was used for the tests, where water was supplied by a nozzle placed at an angle. This solution made it possible to obtain a rotational flow that transported the suspended particles towards its wall, where downward axial velocity resulted in the settling of particles. Based on the research, it was observed that the flow patterns showed inward flow at the bottom of the tank and an upward flow and the lifting of the settled particles near the hatch at the bottom. The presented experimental measurements provided detailed insight into flow patterns, and valuable calibration and verification data for further CFD modeling. Traditional PIV techniques are useful in the case of standard design, whereas CFD is invaluable for supporting this work and for investigating the design of novel sedimentation tanks.

The rotating biological contactor (RBC) is resistant to toxic chemical and shock loadings, and this results in significant organic and nutrient removal efficiencies. The RBC system offers a low-energy footprint and saves up to 90% in energy costs. Due to the system’s low-energy demand, it is easily operable with renewable energy sources, either solar or wind power. An RBC was employed to degrade pollutants in domestic wastewater through biodegradation mechanisms in this study. The high microbial population in the RBC bioreactor produced excellent biological treatment capacity and higher effluent quality. The results showed that the RBC bioreactor achieved an average removal efficiency of 73.9% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 38.3% of total nitrogen (TN), 95.6% of ammonium, and 78.9% of turbidity. Investigation of operational parameters, disk rotational speed, HRT, and SRT, showed the biological performance impact. Disk rotational speed showed uniform effluent quality at 30–40 rpm, while higher values of disk rotational speed (>40 rpm) resulted in lower effluent quality in COD, TN, and turbidity. The longer hydraulic retention time and sludge retention time (SRT) facilitated higher biological performance efficiency. The longer SRTs enabled the higher TN removal efficiency because of the higher quantity of microbial biomass retention. The longer SRT also resulted in efficient sludge-settling properties and reduced volume of sludge production. The energy evaluation of the RBC bioreactor showed that it consumed only 0.14 kWh/m³, which is significantly lower than the conventional treatment methods; therefore, it is easily operable with renewable energy sources. The RBC is promising substitute for traditional suspended growth processes as higher microbial activity, lower operational and maintenance costs, and lower carbon foot print enhanced the biological performance, which aligns with the stipulations of ecological evolution and environment-friendly treatment.

This paper presents issues in the field of theory, construction, calculations, as well as the design of effervescent-swirl atomizers. The results of experimental studies of spraying liquids with different physico-chemical properties for this type of atomizers are discussed. Effervescent-swirl atomization is a complex process and its mechanism is not fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of the manuscript is the complexity of the atomization process and its mechanism as well as the influence of individual parameters on its efficiency were thoroughly analyzed. The analyzed parameters include: atomizer design, outlet shape, gas and liquid flow rate, injection pressure, physicochemical properties of the atomized liquid, pressure drop, outflow coefficient, spray angle, quantitative droplet distributions, and average droplet diameter. Moreover, in the work, on the basis of the literature review, the results of the research related to, inter alia, the phenomenon of air core formation and the influence of a number of parameters on the efficiency of the atomization process are analyzed. The literature review included in the work makes it possible to better understand the atomization process carried out in effervescent-swirl atomizers, and also provides better design criteria and analysis of the efficiency of the tested devices. The article presents correlation equations covering the basic features of the atomization process, which relate a large number of parameters influencing the efficiency of this process and the character of the sprayed liquid, which may be useful in design practice.

Aerosol is a multiphase system, created as a result of the dispersion of a liquid in a gaseous medium. The atomized liquids are most often water and fuel; however, they can be any other substance. Even a small addition of a substance that changes the rheological properties (i.e., the nature of the flow) can change the properties of the resulting aerosol. The most important parameters that characterize the aerosol are the outflow rate, the droplet diameter, the spray spectrum, and the spray angle. The latter is important when selecting atomizers, especially those working in groups on the sprayer boom. The spray angle is an important parameter of the atomization process, providing a great deal of information about the quality of the spray. This study presents the results of rheological tests and the atomization of aqueous solutions with varying concentrations of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC). We found that the spray angle decreased with increasing Na-CMC concentration in the solution, which is attributable to an increase in shear viscosity. The design of the atomizer is also important. The largest spray angles were obtained for an atomizer with a diameter of 0.02 m and with the inlet port being placed at an angle to the atomizer axis. Based on the experimental results for various liquids and atomizer designs, a correlation equation describing the spray angle is proposed.

In this paper, particular attention is paid to an advanced variant of the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, known as PHEV, which combines two functionalities: the vehicle’s internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor. The study described herein also presents the influence of factors such as the ambient temperature, vehicle speed and traffic distance on the PHEV’s energy consumption. It has been shown that the vehicle’s range estimated based on its electronic control module (ECU) is about 20% shorter per annum on average for its year-round operation in everyday driving conditions. When analyzing the energy consumption based on the vehicle’s unitary energy consumption model, attention was paid to values that are strongly correlated with traffic and weather conditions. In addition, the authors emphasized that the estimated total energy consumption of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) or hybrid vehicle (PHEV), relative to the normative values arising from the type approval test cycle, deviate from the actual values arising from real driving conditions and often vary substantially. As shown in this paper, the energy consumption intensity of a vehicle is significantly influenced not only by its speed but also by weather conditions, including ambient temperature. In extreme cases, energy consumption intensity can increase by up to 68% relative to a WLTP (Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure) cycle.

The aim of the article is the development of methods for optimal overhaul planning of compressor station equipment. Nowadays, due to uncertainties in the forecast of gas supply flow rates, increasing the reliability and energy efficiency of main gas pipelines is an urgent problem. The dependence of operating costs for major repairs on the maintenance periodicity is extreme. Reducing equipment’s maintenance period leads to an increase in repair costs. It also increases the reliability of equipment operation. Overall, all these facts reduce the probability of emergency failures and related expenses for emergency recovery, gas losses, and undersupply to consumers. Therefore, an optimal maintenance frequency exists, at which the total operating costs will be minimal. A procedure for optimizing the periodicity of repairs and equipment replacement is proposed. It was realized by constructing an objective function as a dependence of exploitation costs on the inter-repair period of major repairs. A probabilistic approach was applied to assess the aging process. The characteristics of the equipment’s state are described by distribution densities (i.e., pre-repair, inter-repair, and full-service life), which vary depending on product initialization time. The main characteristics of major repairs are their duration and intensity, which are evaluated by the quality factor related to repair costs. The extremum of the objective function is sought by the method of competing options. It was determined that the optimal management of the frequency of equipment replacement can be realized by choosing the optimal values of the average service life, average operation time of units until the first planned and preventive repair, and quality factor. As a result, the required technical condition for the technological equipment is ensured under minimum operating costs without reducing the system’s reliability.