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L. Estevan
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alicante, Spain

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Journal article
Published: 19 April 2021 in Journal of Building Engineering
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Although the confinement of compressed columns with composite materials has been extensively studied during the last decades, scarce research has been conducted in the particular case of reinforcement of stone or masonry elements subjected to high temperatures. This work reports an experimental study on the mechanical behavior of cylindrical stone specimens exposed to temperatures of 600 °C and subsequently cooled with two different methods: slow air cooling or rapid water immersion. The effect of confinement by means of carbon or glass fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) is studied. The mechanical properties of the rock are also analyzed by non-destructive tests, which constitute very appropriate techniques when working on heritage buildings. In general terms, it was found that the effect of temperature significantly reduced the strength and elastic modulus of the rock. On the other hand, FRP confinement provided large increases in strength and ultimate strain, compared to unreinforced samples. An important finding of this work is that the response of the confined specimens seems to depend basically on the properties of the FRP laminate, and not on the damage that the stone core may have suffered. Finally, the experimental results are compared with the predictions of analytical confinement models included in the most relevant international design guides. It has been proven that these models seem to provide accurate results in the case of unheated and unaltered stone, although they show larger deviations in the case of high temperature exposed specimens.

ACS Style

L. Estevan; F.J. Baeza; F.B. Varona; S. Ivorra. Evaluation of the mechanical response of calcarenite specimens confined with fiber reinforced polymers after high temperature exposure. Journal of Building Engineering 2021, 42, 102504 .

AMA Style

L. Estevan, F.J. Baeza, F.B. Varona, S. Ivorra. Evaluation of the mechanical response of calcarenite specimens confined with fiber reinforced polymers after high temperature exposure. Journal of Building Engineering. 2021; 42 ():102504.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Estevan; F.J. Baeza; F.B. Varona; S. Ivorra. 2021. "Evaluation of the mechanical response of calcarenite specimens confined with fiber reinforced polymers after high temperature exposure." Journal of Building Engineering 42, no. : 102504.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2020 in Polymers
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The mechanical properties of stone materials can be severely affected by exposure to high temperatures. The effect of fire on stone buildings could cause irreversible damage and make it necessary to retrofit the affected elements. Particularly, the strengthening of columns by confinement with composites has been widely improved during the last decades. Today, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confinement represents a very interesting alternative to traditional steel solutions. This work studied the behavior of cylindrical stone specimens subjected to real fire action and confined by means of CFRP or GFRP jackets, with the aim of assessing the effectiveness of these reinforcement systems applied to a material that has previously been seriously damaged by high temperature exposure. In general, the strengthened samples showed notable increases in strength and ductility. The response seemed to depend basically on the FRP properties and not on the degree of damage that the stone core may have suffered. Finally, the results obtained experimentally were compared with the confinement models proposed by the available design guides, in order to evaluate the accuracy that these models can offer under the different situations addressed in this research.

ACS Style

Luis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Francisco B. Varona; Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Samples after Real Fire Exposure. Polymers 2020, 12, 2367 .

AMA Style

Luis Estevan, F. Javier Baeza, Francisco B. Varona, Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Samples after Real Fire Exposure. Polymers. 2020; 12 (10):2367.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Francisco B. Varona; Salvador Ivorra. 2020. "FRP Confinement of Stone Samples after Real Fire Exposure." Polymers 12, no. 10: 2367.

Articles
Published: 07 April 2020 in International Journal of Architectural Heritage
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There are many available studies on the reinforcement of columns by confinement with composite materials. However, in the particular case of stone elements, there is a lack of information regarding the performance of this solution under adverse conditions, which may occur during the life service of the structure. In this research, the confinement of calcarenite samples with a Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) jacket has been studied in different scenarios, which simulate real conditions of structural retrofitting works. Specifically, the FRP’s efficiency was assessed in water saturation specimens, in damaged samples due to previous load, or the FRP jacket was casted directly in preloaded stone columns. As a general conclusion, FRP could improve notably the compressive strength of the unconfined material. In addition, the mechanical behavior seemed to depend on the FRP properties rather than the actual damage suffered by the rock core.

ACS Style

Luis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Antonio Maciá; Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Specimens Subjected to Moisture and Preload. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2020, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Luis Estevan, F. Javier Baeza, Antonio Maciá, Salvador Ivorra. FRP Confinement of Stone Specimens Subjected to Moisture and Preload. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2020; ():1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis Estevan; F. Javier Baeza; Antonio Maciá; Salvador Ivorra. 2020. "FRP Confinement of Stone Specimens Subjected to Moisture and Preload." International Journal of Architectural Heritage , no. : 1-14.

Journal article
Published: 16 December 2019 in Applied Sciences
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A numerical model for the analysis of frame structures that is capable of reproducing the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) members and steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) members in all steps until collapse by simulating a reduced resistance capacity is presented in this work. Taking into account the solid models obtained in previous research that have been validated by experimental results, moment-curvature graphics were obtained in all steps: elastic, plastic, and post-critical to collapse. Beam models versus 3D models considerably simplified the calculation of frame structures and correctly described both the plastic and post-critical phases. The moment-curvature graph can be used in a simplified frame analysis, from post critical behavior to collapse.

ACS Style

Isaac Montava; Ramón Irles; Luis Estevan; Ismael Vives. Equivalent Frame Model with a Decaying Nonlinear Moment-Curvature of Steel-Reinforced Concrete Joints. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 5533 .

AMA Style

Isaac Montava, Ramón Irles, Luis Estevan, Ismael Vives. Equivalent Frame Model with a Decaying Nonlinear Moment-Curvature of Steel-Reinforced Concrete Joints. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (24):5533.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isaac Montava; Ramón Irles; Luis Estevan; Ismael Vives. 2019. "Equivalent Frame Model with a Decaying Nonlinear Moment-Curvature of Steel-Reinforced Concrete Joints." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24: 5533.

Journal article
Published: 25 November 2019 in Construction and Building Materials
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In the last decades, there are many reports on the use of composites as reinforcement of structural elements under compression, especially regarding the confinement of concrete structures, but works on stone or masonry columns are limited. Initially, FRP jackets were used because their high structural performance. However, they present some drawbacks like aesthetics or water impermeability, which can affect their applicability in historical constructions made in stone. Recently, FRCM appeared as an alternative with better compatibility with masonry structures. In the present study, a comparison between different composite materials to confine masonry specimens was made. FRPs with carbon or glass fibers and epoxy matrix, and FRCM with basalt or glass fiber mesh in a cementitious matrix were used to confine masonry, made in calcarenite cylindrical pieces and lime mortar. Strength and ductility gains under compressive loads were measured, and compared to the recommendations of different guidelines. Unidirectional FRPs were the optimal solution from a strengthening point of view. On the other hand, FRCM confinement offered more ductility than unreinforced masonry, but showed a softening behavior. Finally, regarding the studied design codes, the specific parameters included for masonry structures seemed enough to obtain accurate predictions of the compressive strength increase due to the confinement with the tested composites.

ACS Style

Luis Estevan; F.J. Baeza; D. Bru; S. Ivorra. Stone masonry confinement with FRP and FRCM composites. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 237, 117612 .

AMA Style

Luis Estevan, F.J. Baeza, D. Bru, S. Ivorra. Stone masonry confinement with FRP and FRCM composites. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 237 ():117612.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis Estevan; F.J. Baeza; D. Bru; S. Ivorra. 2019. "Stone masonry confinement with FRP and FRCM composites." Construction and Building Materials 237, no. : 117612.