A portable spectrometric system for nondestructive assessment of the soluble solids content (SSC) of fruits for practical applications has been proposed and its performance has been examined by an experiment on quantitative prediction of the SSC of apples. Although the spectroscopic technique is a powerful tool for predicting the internal qualities of fruits, its practical applications are limited due to its high cost and complexity. In the proposed system, the spectra of apples were collected by a simple optical setup with a cheap pre-calibrated multispectral chipset. An optimal multiple linear regression model with five wavebands at 900, 760, 730, 680, and 535 nm revealed the best performance with the coefficient of determination of prediction and the root mean square error of prediction of 0.861 and 0.403 °Brix, respectively, which was comparable to that of the previous studies using dispersive spectrometers. Compared with previously reported systems using discrete filters or light emitting diodes, the proposed system was superior in terms of manufacturability and reproducibility. The experimental results confirmed that the proposed system had a considerable potential for practical, cost-effective applications of the SSC prediction, not only for apples but also for other fruits.

Before being exported, mangoes generally undergo rigorous external and internal quality inspection processes in which near-infrared (NIR) spectral approaches are favorable for grading purposes. A successful NIR-based grading system depends largely on high-quality spectral sensors and the reliability of the classifier. Motivated by the high economic impact of Cat Hoa Loc mangoes (Mangifera indica L.), we demonstrated that the sweetness of that mangoes could be precisely graded based on a random forest (RF) classifier in a three-phase approach with a low-cost Visible-Near infrared (VIS-NIR) multispectral sensor chipset. This approach is so-called RPR because RF, Partial Least Squares regression, and RF were respectively applied to consecutively determine the significant VIS-NIR responses, the good features as input variables, and the reliable RF classifier via our formulated discriminant index (DI). The experimental results confirmed that higher classification accuracy was achieved by using the extracted latent features rather than the raw VIS-NIR data. The DI was effectively used as a reliability measure to select the optimal classifier among those of identical training and testing accuracies of 100% and 82.1%, respectively. Performance comparison between the optimal RF classifier with a Support Vector Machines classifier and a multinomial logistic regression showed that the developed RF classifier was superior in various performance indices. Therefore, it is promising to extend the proposed approach to more complicated fruit grading problems with sufficient VIS-NIR datasets that are acquired from low-cost multispectral sensors.

A new fluorescent arrayed biosensor has been developed to discriminate species and concentrations of target proteins by using plural different phospholipid liposome species encapsulating fluorescent molecules, utilizing differences in permeation of the fluorescent molecules through the membrane to modulate liposome-target protein interactions. This approach proposes a basically new label-free fluorescent sensor, compared with the common technique of developed fluorescent array sensors with labeling. We have confirmed a high output intensity of fluorescence emission related to characteristics of the fluorescent molecules dependent on their concentrations when they leak from inside the liposomes through the perturbed lipid membrane. After taking an array image of the fluorescence emission from the sensor using a CMOS imager, the output intensities of the fluorescence were analyzed by a principal component analysis (PCA) statistical method. It is found from PCA plots that different protein species with several concentrations were successfully discriminated by using the different lipid membranes with high cumulative contribution ratio. We also confirmed that the accuracy of the discrimination by the array sensor with a single shot is higher than that of a single sensor with multiple shots.

We report the electrical, structural and mechanical properties of grain boundaries (GBs) in multicrystalline Si (mc-Si) based on electron-beam-induced current (EBIC), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and scanning infrared polariscope (SIRP) characterizations. The recombination activities of GBs are clearly classified with respect to GB character and Fe contamination level. The decoration of Fe impurity at boundary has been approved by annular dark field (ADF) imaging in TEM. Finally, the distribution of residual strain around GBs, and the correlations between strain and electrical properties are discussed.