Insect RoboFlyers are interesting and active focuses of study but producing high-quality flapping robots that replicate insect flight is challenging., due to the dual requirement of both a sophisticated transmission mechanism with light weight and minimal intervening connections. This innovative mechanism was created to address the need for a producible structure that is small in size, small in mass, and has reduced design linkages. The proposed Single Crank-Slotted Dual Lever (SC-SDL) mechanism transforms rotational motion into specific angular motion at different velocities for each of its two strokes, i.e., the forward stroke and the return stroke. The discovery of a lag between the left and right lever motions in our design mechanism-I leads us to the conclusion that the flapping is asymmetric. To eliminate the position lag, the design has been altered, and a new design mechanism-II has been developed. Comparative kinematic analysis of both design systems is performed using simulations. Two-dimensional analysis of the base ornithopter configuration using ANSYS FLUENT yielded deeper insights regarding the influence of varying flapping frequency on critical flow metrics regarding adequate lift and thrust. For a flapping frequency of 24 Hz, adequate lift generation was achieved with minimal flow disturbances and wake interactions. Averaged dual wing estimations were made as part of the CFD study, which showed similar agreements. To validate the estimations, experimental tests were performed over the design mechanism-II configuration.

Navigating hazardous environments, such as areas with fire risks, wild animal activity, or inaccessible terrains, poses significant challenges, necessitating the development of bio-inspired robotic systems. This study focuses on the biomechanical design and kinematic analysis of a spider-mimicking robot, specifically examining quad and hexa-legged configurations to optimize movement efficiency and stability. The research employed 3D Computer-Aided Design (CAD) in Fusion 360 to model and simulate the robot's leg framework, analyzing deformation, tension, and strain. Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) with Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) material was used for component fabrication, chosen for its balance of lightweight properties and structural integrity, validated through stress analysis. A single limb’s forward and reverse kinematics were studied, enabling the development of optimized gait patterns. SIMSCAPE Multibody in MATLAB was utilized for dynamic simulations, and Proportional Derivative (PD) and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers were tested to evaluate trajectory tracking accuracy and stability. Results show that the six-legged configuration exhibits superior stability with a 15% improvement in gait cycle efficiency and a 20% reduction in energy consumption per stride compared to the four-legged counterpart. The use of PID controllers further enhanced performance, achieving a 12% improvement in settling time and reducing oscillations in trajectory tracking tasks. The choice of PLA material ensured durability under operational loads, with minimal deformation over repeated stress cycles. Servomotor selection and configuration were tailored to optimize torque and speed, enabling precise leg control. This study highlights the potential of bio-inspired robots to advance robotic mobility through optimized kinematics and material choices.

The transmission mechanism of artificial flapping-wing drones generally needs low weight and the fewest interconnecting components, making their development challenging. The four-bar Linkage mechanism for flapping actuation has generally been used till now with complex and heavy connecting designs, but our proposed novel perpendicularly organized 3-cylindrical joint mechanism is designed to be unique and lighter weight with smooth functioning performance. The proposed prototype transforms the rotary motion of the motor into a specific angle of flapping movement, where the dimensions and specifications of the design components are proportional to the obtained flapping angle. Power consumption and flapping actuation can be monitored by adjusting the motor’s rotational speed to control the individual wing in this mechanism. The proposed mechanism consists of a crank with three slightly slidable cylindrical joints perpendicularly arranged to each other with a specified distance in a well-organized pattern to produce a flapping movement at the other end. In order to examine the kinematic attributes, a mathematical process approach is formulated, and kinematic simulations are performed using SIMSCAPE multibody MATLAB, PYTHON programming and COMPMECH GIM software. The proposed invention’s real-time test bench prototype model is designed, tested and analyzed for flapping validation.

The study of insect-inspired flapping robo drones is exciting and ongoing, but creating realistic artificial flapping robots that can effectively mimic insect flight is difficult due to the transmission mechanism's need for lightweight and minimal connecting components. The objective of this work was to create a system of constructing a flapping superstructure with the fewest feasible links. This is one of the two strokes where the fast return mechanism turns circular energy into a variable angled flapping motion (obtained through simulation results). We have simulated the displacement modifications of the forward and return stroke variation. also conducted a kinematic study of the design processes differences, finding that it is significantly faster than the advance stroke. It was also seen that one of its levers lagged behind the others when flapping because of poor boundary conditions. Modelling the suggested motor-driven flapping actuation system helps verify its structural analysis and determine if it is appropriate for use in micro air vehicle applications.