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The steel industry is an important engine for sustainable growth, added value, and high-quality employment within the European Union. It is committed to reducing its CO2 emissions due to production by up to 50% by 2030 compared to 1990′s level by developing and upscaling the technologies required to contribute to European initiatives, such as the Circular Economy Action Plan (CEAP) and the European Green Deal (EGD). The Clean Steel Partnership (CSP, a public–private partnership), which is led by the European Steel Association (EUROFER) and the European Steel Technology Platform (ESTEP), defined technological CO2 mitigation pathways comprising carbon direct avoidance (CDA), smart carbon usage SCU), and a circular economy (CE). CE approaches ensure competitiveness through increased resource efficiency and sustainability and consist of different issues, such as the valorization of steelmaking residues (dusts, slags, sludge) for internal recycling in the steelmaking process, enhanced steel recycling (scrap use), the use of secondary carbon carriers from non-steel sectors as a reducing agent and energy source in the steelmaking process chain, and CE business models (supply chain analyses). The current paper gives an overview of different technological CE approaches as obtained in a dedicated workshop called “Resi4Future—Residue valorization in iron and steel industry: sustainable solutions for a cleaner and more competitive future Europe” that was organized by ESTEP to focus on future challenges toward the final goal of industrial deployment.
Johannes Rieger; Valentina Colla; Ismael Matino; Teresa Branca; Gerald Stubbe; Andrea Panizza; Carlo Brondi; Mohammadtaghi Falsafi; Johannes Hage; Xuan Wang; Bernhard Voraberger; Thomas Fenzl; Victoria Masaguer; Eros Faraci; Loredana di Sante; Filippo Cirilli; Florian Loose; Christoph Thaler; Aintzane Soto; Piero Frittella; Gianpaolo Foglio; Cosmo di Cecca; Mattia Tellaroli; Marco Corbella; Marta Guzzon; Enrico Malfa; Agnieszka Morillon; David Algermissen; Klaus Peters; Delphine Snaet. Residue Valorization in the Iron and Steel Industries: Sustainable Solutions for a Cleaner and More Competitive Future Europe. Metals 2021, 11, 1202 .
AMA StyleJohannes Rieger, Valentina Colla, Ismael Matino, Teresa Branca, Gerald Stubbe, Andrea Panizza, Carlo Brondi, Mohammadtaghi Falsafi, Johannes Hage, Xuan Wang, Bernhard Voraberger, Thomas Fenzl, Victoria Masaguer, Eros Faraci, Loredana di Sante, Filippo Cirilli, Florian Loose, Christoph Thaler, Aintzane Soto, Piero Frittella, Gianpaolo Foglio, Cosmo di Cecca, Mattia Tellaroli, Marco Corbella, Marta Guzzon, Enrico Malfa, Agnieszka Morillon, David Algermissen, Klaus Peters, Delphine Snaet. Residue Valorization in the Iron and Steel Industries: Sustainable Solutions for a Cleaner and More Competitive Future Europe. Metals. 2021; 11 (8):1202.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJohannes Rieger; Valentina Colla; Ismael Matino; Teresa Branca; Gerald Stubbe; Andrea Panizza; Carlo Brondi; Mohammadtaghi Falsafi; Johannes Hage; Xuan Wang; Bernhard Voraberger; Thomas Fenzl; Victoria Masaguer; Eros Faraci; Loredana di Sante; Filippo Cirilli; Florian Loose; Christoph Thaler; Aintzane Soto; Piero Frittella; Gianpaolo Foglio; Cosmo di Cecca; Mattia Tellaroli; Marco Corbella; Marta Guzzon; Enrico Malfa; Agnieszka Morillon; David Algermissen; Klaus Peters; Delphine Snaet. 2021. "Residue Valorization in the Iron and Steel Industries: Sustainable Solutions for a Cleaner and More Competitive Future Europe." Metals 11, no. 8: 1202.
Slags produced in the steelmaking industry could be a source of chromium. Slags contain, depending on different types of slags, between 2 to 5 wt.% of Cr. Roasting of slag with NaOH, followed by subsequent leaching can produce leachates which can be efficiently processed using electrocoagulation (EC). This paper provides results from the EC process optimization for Cr(VI) solutions with initial concentration 1000 mg/L of Cr(VI). Influence of pH, current intensity and NaCl concentration on the efficiency of chromium recovery, energy consumption as well as solid product composition is discussed in detail. Optimum of pH = 6 was chosen for EC processing of Cr leachates as well as current intensities of 0.1–0.5 A because of the higher Cr/Fe ratio in solid product compared to higher current intensities. Results of EC processing of four real leachates of electric arc furnace carbon steel slag (EAFC), electric arc furnace stainless steel slag (EAFS), low carbon ferrochrome slag (LC FeCr) and high carbon ferrochrome slag (HC FeCr) were evaluated. Comparison of the results of four real leachate samples is presented. Obtained final solid product was identified as (Fe0.6 Cr0.4)2O3 and with up to 20% of Cr could be used as source of chromium in the ferrochrome production.
Lubomir Pikna; Maria Hezelova; Agnieszka Morillon; David Algermissen; Ondrej Milkovic; Robert Findorak; Martin Cesnek; Jaroslav Briancin. Recovery of Chromium from Slags Leachates by Electrocoagulation and Solid Product Characterization. Metals 2020, 10, 1593 .
AMA StyleLubomir Pikna, Maria Hezelova, Agnieszka Morillon, David Algermissen, Ondrej Milkovic, Robert Findorak, Martin Cesnek, Jaroslav Briancin. Recovery of Chromium from Slags Leachates by Electrocoagulation and Solid Product Characterization. Metals. 2020; 10 (12):1593.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLubomir Pikna; Maria Hezelova; Agnieszka Morillon; David Algermissen; Ondrej Milkovic; Robert Findorak; Martin Cesnek; Jaroslav Briancin. 2020. "Recovery of Chromium from Slags Leachates by Electrocoagulation and Solid Product Characterization." Metals 10, no. 12: 1593.
Over the last few decades, the European steel industry has focused its efforts on the improvement of by-product recovery and quality, based not only on existing technologies, but also on the development of innovative sustainable solutions. These activities have led the steel industry to save natural resources and to reduce its environmental impact, resulting in being closer to its “zero-waste” goal. In addition, the concept of Circular Economy has been recently strongly emphasised at a European level. The opportunity is perceived of improving the environmental sustainability of the steel production by saving primary raw materials and costs related to by-products and waste landfilling. The aim of this review paper was to analyse the most recent results on the reuse and recycling of by-products of the steelmaking cycles as well as on the exploitation of by-products from other activities outside the steel production cycle, such as alternative carbon sources (e.g., biomasses and plastics). The most relevant results are identified and a global vision of the state-of-the-art is extracted, in order to provide a comprehensive overview of the main outcomes achieved by the European steel industry and of the ongoing or potential synergies with other industrial sectors.
Teresa Annunziata Branca; Valentina Colla; David Algermissen; Hanna Granbom; Umberto Martini; Agnieszka Morillon; Roland Pietruck; Sara Rosendahl. Reuse and Recycling of By-Products in the Steel Sector: Recent Achievements Paving the Way to Circular Economy and Industrial Symbiosis in Europe. Metals 2020, 10, 345 .
AMA StyleTeresa Annunziata Branca, Valentina Colla, David Algermissen, Hanna Granbom, Umberto Martini, Agnieszka Morillon, Roland Pietruck, Sara Rosendahl. Reuse and Recycling of By-Products in the Steel Sector: Recent Achievements Paving the Way to Circular Economy and Industrial Symbiosis in Europe. Metals. 2020; 10 (3):345.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTeresa Annunziata Branca; Valentina Colla; David Algermissen; Hanna Granbom; Umberto Martini; Agnieszka Morillon; Roland Pietruck; Sara Rosendahl. 2020. "Reuse and Recycling of By-Products in the Steel Sector: Recent Achievements Paving the Way to Circular Economy and Industrial Symbiosis in Europe." Metals 10, no. 3: 345.
The CHROMIC project (effiCient mineral processing and Hydrometallurgical RecOvery of by-product Metals from low-grade metal contaIning seCondary raw materials) aims to recover chromium from steelmaking and ferrochrome slags to regain valuable resources and simultaneously reduce potential environmental impacts. To develop the recovery flowsheets and reliably calculate metal recovery, an accurate assessment of chromium concentration and distribution is essential. Therefore, model streams were thoroughly characterized using a combination of analytical techniques. In all materials, chromium is present in distinct but often small spinel phases, intergrown with other minerals and showing a considerable zonation in Cr content with higher amounts in the cores. The small size of the Cr-rich particles makes recovery by mineral processing challenging. Measured chromium content was found to differ largely based on the chemical dissolution method applied. The analysis of insoluble residues and comparison with a standard reference material evidenced that standard acid dissolution procedures based on HCl/HNO3/HBF4 and HNO3/HF/H2O2 are insufficient to fully dissolve spinel structures, leading to severe underestimations of chromium content. A sodium peroxide treatment is required for a full dissolution of spinels. This is noteworthy, since most of the legislation for the reuse of slags is currently based on acid dissolution methods.
Liesbeth Horckmans; Robert Möckel; Peter Nielsen; Frantisek Kukurugya; Christine Vanhoof; Agnieszka Morillon; David Algermissen. Multi-Analytical Characterization of Slags to Determine the Chromium Concentration for a Possible Re-Extraction. Minerals 2019, 9, 646 .
AMA StyleLiesbeth Horckmans, Robert Möckel, Peter Nielsen, Frantisek Kukurugya, Christine Vanhoof, Agnieszka Morillon, David Algermissen. Multi-Analytical Characterization of Slags to Determine the Chromium Concentration for a Possible Re-Extraction. Minerals. 2019; 9 (10):646.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiesbeth Horckmans; Robert Möckel; Peter Nielsen; Frantisek Kukurugya; Christine Vanhoof; Agnieszka Morillon; David Algermissen. 2019. "Multi-Analytical Characterization of Slags to Determine the Chromium Concentration for a Possible Re-Extraction." Minerals 9, no. 10: 646.