In the study, experimental and theoretical studies were carried out to assess the influence of the shapes of dents in the tank wall on the stress-strain state of the defect zone. By testing fragments of a cylindrical tank, it was found that the most appropriate expression is (5), which could take into account the leaching of the tank wall, resulting in a decrease in the stress concentration index. At the same time, during theoretical studies in this paper, it was found that polynomials determined the stress concentration coefficient, where the obtained analytical expression data were compared with the data determined numerically in the ANSYS program, and it was found that the spread was from 2% to 10%. According to the results of a numerical study of the stress-strain state of the dent zone in the tank wall, graphical dependences of the stress concentration coefficient on the dimensionless depth of the dent for various values of the dimensionless radius of the dents and do not exceed 2% of the indicators that are obtained. At the conclusion of the experimental and numerical studies, a conclusion was made about the degree of influence of the geometric dimensions of the dents on the stress concentration index.

In the study, experimental and theoretical studies were carried out to assess the influence of the vertical mounting joint zone of the tank on the stress-strain state of the defect zone. Thus, experimental tests of models of a tank wall fragment with an imperfection of the mounting joint evaluated the stress-strain state of the mounting joint zone and established the dependence of the stress concentration in the joint zone on the deflection, the width of the zone and the thickness of the tank wall. It is shown that with a 50 mm bending boom, the annular stresses increase by 1.3 times than with a 30 mm bending boom and the meridional stresses increase by 1.16 times. The same nature of the increase is observed with the stress concentration indicator. By numerical analysis of the stress-strain state of tanks with joint imperfections in the ANSYS medium, the stress-strain state of the tank is estimated for various values of the joint bending parameters ς and ξ. The dependences of the stress concentration coefficient on the geometric dimensions of the imperfection, radius and thickness of the tank wall are also obtained. From the results of calculating the stress concentration coefficient, with an increase in the dimensionless parameters ς and ξ, the values of the stress concentration coefficient K_σ increase by 1.35 times. As a result of the calculations, an interpolation polynomial (5), approximating the stress concentration coefficient K_σ, is obtained, which can be used to estimate the strength, durability and residual resource of the tank. In addition, the obtained results can be used to normalize the limiting dimensions of the imperfection of the joint and to establish the values of the coefficient, taking into account the peculiarities of the work of structures at stress concentrations.

The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the features of the operation of prestressed shells, taking into account the various structural parameters of the prestress. It is established that when the winding angle changes from perpendicular to the shell axis to 75° and 65°, the circumferential stresses decrease 1.4 times and 1.2 times, respectively, and the axial stresses increase five and three times, which are two and four times lower than the circumferential, from which it can be concluded that the reduction in the winding angle to the longitudinal the axis of the shell has a positive effect on the stress state of the structure. The study also found that with an increase in the diameter of the winding wire from 1 to 2 mm and a change in the winding angle, the same nature of the stress distribution is observed, but the values of the stress state parameter change, so the efficiency increases up to 25% due to an increase in the winding thickness, depending on the pitch, angle and thickness of the winding, which favorably affects the strength and the bearing capacity of the structure as a whole by increasing the value of the stress state parameter. Thus, the results of the analysis will allow us to use in more detail the possibility of controlling the stress–strain state of the prestressed shell by changing the design parameters, and the results obtained can be used in design or construction, as well as when increasing the strength characteristics of the structure, which allows us to create a high-tech design optimal for these operating conditions, which can positively complement the studies conducted earlier in this direction.

New energy-saving enclosing structures with air gaps are proposed; when calculating the temperature fields in the enclosing structures, the method of finite element analysis in the ANSYS environment was used. As a result of the study, the temperature fields of various enclosing structure solutions in various design options were analyzed. An analysis was made of the thermal resistance values of traditional and developed enclosing structures. The thermal resistance of the cladding with the use of two ventilated layers relative to the traditional enclosure, as well as the use of a heat-reflecting screen, depending on the environmental indicator, significantly increased the thermal resistance from 4.7% to 24.5% of the structure as a whole, which indicated the effectiveness of the constructive solution of the enclosure with two air gaps compared to the traditional constructive scheme of the enclosure. It was also found that the use of a heat-reflecting screen on the inside or on both sides has little effect on thermal resistance. At the same time, claddings were analyzed using horizontal channels. Where there was no efficiency, however, when taking into account the heat-reflecting screen in the horizontal channels, the efficiency of use increased from 1% to 8.4%, depending on the environment.

Energy-efficient, adaptive, affordable and durable curtain wall systems have always attracted great interest among the scientific and technical communities. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to conduct a comprehensive review of the issues related to energy-efficient adaptive dynamic facades, taking into account their operating loads, revealing the diversity of the studies conducted in this area. The review of the literature was carried out in three stages. For all stages, the review period was 2001–2024. In the first stage, a review of traditional curtain facade systems was conducted, which emphasized the relevance of this area, identifying a total of 4338 sources. In the second stage, a review of specific issues, such as adaptive dynamic facade systems, yielded 2838 sources, from which the 87 most suitable sources were selected. In the third stage, a review focusing on the issue of operating loads yielded 741 works, from which 43 suitable sources were selected. At the same time, pie charts reflecting the most active international scientific journals were compiled for each area. The conducted review of energy-efficient adaptive dynamic building facades, taking into account their operating loads, could provide significant assistance in further research on the specified issues. As researchers mainly focus on environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness, they often neglect issues such as the systems’ resistance to operating loads, which represents a serious deficiency. In this regard, this review identified a gap in the research on the development of energy-efficient facades with an air layer; on this basis, the further development of adaptive facade systems is required. The review of the selected studies also showed that issues related to energy efficiency and sustainability, taking into account operational loads, have not been addressed in combination; rather, they have only been addressed individually. At the same time, this review shows that the proposed development of an adaptive system of external fencing could be relevant, both nationally and internationally, depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the territory for which the buildings are designed.

Precise meanings of thermophysical processes taking place in air gaps have decisive importance in composite cladding structure systems’ calculation and modeling. The climatic load conditions in Kazakhstan can significantly affect the microclimate of premises in general. In this work, a review study is carried out to obtain the relevant scientific literature on enclosing structures with air gaps under various climatic conditions. The review mainly covers research institutes from Sweden, Norway, France, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and China. On the issue of the air gap parameter’s influence on thermophysical processes, 16 papers were analyzed, and on the issue of air infiltration, 12 papers were analyzed. However, the review shows a lack of research in this area under various climatic conditions. At the same time, experience has shown that the principle of multilayer protection from climatic influences creates a favorable microclimate in buildings, but due to a possible temperature drop, wall structures made of composite building materials can be quite favorable under some conditions, and under others they may be less favorable. Therefore, working out a new energy-saving design with air gaps for climatic conditions with large temperature fluctuations during summer and winter is an urgent task.