Energy-efficient, adaptive, affordable and durable curtain wall systems have always attracted great interest among the scientific and technical communities. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to conduct a comprehensive review of the issues related to energy-efficient adaptive dynamic facades, taking into account their operating loads, revealing the diversity of the studies conducted in this area. The review of the literature was carried out in three stages. For all stages, the review period was 2001–2024. In the first stage, a review of traditional curtain facade systems was conducted, which emphasized the relevance of this area, identifying a total of 4338 sources. In the second stage, a review of specific issues, such as adaptive dynamic facade systems, yielded 2838 sources, from which the 87 most suitable sources were selected. In the third stage, a review focusing on the issue of operating loads yielded 741 works, from which 43 suitable sources were selected. At the same time, pie charts reflecting the most active international scientific journals were compiled for each area. The conducted review of energy-efficient adaptive dynamic building facades, taking into account their operating loads, could provide significant assistance in further research on the specified issues. As researchers mainly focus on environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness, they often neglect issues such as the systems’ resistance to operating loads, which represents a serious deficiency. In this regard, this review identified a gap in the research on the development of energy-efficient facades with an air layer; on this basis, the further development of adaptive facade systems is required. The review of the selected studies also showed that issues related to energy efficiency and sustainability, taking into account operational loads, have not been addressed in combination; rather, they have only been addressed individually. At the same time, this review shows that the proposed development of an adaptive system of external fencing could be relevant, both nationally and internationally, depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the territory for which the buildings are designed.

In this work, two new face structures of the open-air protection fence were investigated, where a method was proposed for analyzing the condensation of water vapor in the protection fence to search for a condensation zone. Another method for calculating the amount of condensed vapor in a multiwall protection fence with closed gap spacings was proposed. The analytical results illustrated that the magnitude of the range of temperature variations of the worked-out structures with gap spacings and without heat-reflecting screens was 7.14% lower, while the existence of heat-reflective screens reduced this value to 27.14%. The investigation of the water vapor transmission magnitude demonstrated that the steam permeability strength of the interior side and retaining walls of the developed buildings amounts to the standard one, while the usage of a locked air space with a thermo-reflective panel allows the movement of the appropriate condensing region over the external face of the fencing. Mass analysis of the precipitated vapor during the heating time of 1 m² of the retaining wall showed that in face structures in closed gap spacings with heat-reflective screens, the mass of the precipitated vapor was 24.8% greater relative to that of the face without heat-reflective screens. Moreover, the examination of the absence of distillation in the oxygenated gap spacing proved that, in the gap spacing in the considered face structures, the condensate does not fall out such that there is no aggregation of humidity according to the annual balance. Furthermore, the drying time of the face structure with heat-reflecting screens was 17.9% longer than that of the traditional one. The research results can complement the works performed earlier by the authors, as well as be applied in the engineering and construction of buildings to save thermal power, considering the climatic features of the development region.

A possible way to solve the problem of energy saving in construction is to introduce energy-efficient buildings at the design stage and, in particular, during retrofit. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to conduct a theoretical analysis of thermal resistance and energy loads on a building in cold climatic conditions. The study of these values was carried out in the ANSYS software package and the Maple computer algebra system, respectively. This study examines four types of structures: the existing facade of a building constructed in 1966, a traditional ventilated facade, and two designs featuring alternating insulation layers with enclosed air channels and with or without heat-reflecting screens in the insulation layer. The results of this study show that the new design incorporating heat-reflecting screens in the insulation layer is 1.15 times more energy-efficient in terms of thermal resistance than the proposed design without such screens. The effectiveness of the proposed new design with heat-reflecting screens in the insulation layer is also confirmed through an analysis of the thermal protection of the building, where the auxiliary indicators, specific characteristics, and complex values of energy efficiency and energy load of the building show greater efficiencies of 1.6, 1.03, and 1.05 times, respectively, compared to the other studied structures. The comprehensive research results presented in this study indicate that the use of energy-efficient wall structures for the retrofit of external enclosures can significantly improve the thermal performance of buildings. It was also determined that the use of such wall structures can significantly enhance the building’s overall energy efficiency rating. The findings of this study highlight that the proposed solutions can contribute to significant energy savings in buildings, while the newly developed structures can serve as valuable additions to the existing catalog of energy-efficient external wall designs.

In this study, a nine-storey residential building was examined for thermal protection, located in Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan. Two two-room flats were considered with the possibility to inspect the exterior envelopes in four orientations. The examination was carried out at different times of the day according to three criteria: exterior envelope in the form of corner joints, translucent envelope in the form of window openings and the exterior façade of the building. The study found that the temperature at the surface of the room joints at lunchtime increased from 0.8% to 12% depending on the orientation of the exterior envelope. At the same time, it was found that in the morning and evening hours the temperature inside the living rooms is maintained at 25.8 - 26.5ºC due to excessive consumption of heat energy by increasing the heating power up to 15.6% relative to lunchtime, which leads to an excessive increase in air temperature by 7 - 18%. The value of humidity of living rooms also showed non-compliance with the optimal value by 3 - 15% relative to the current norms. As a result of the analysis of thermograms of translucent openings it was found that the surface temperature of the envelope at lunchtime increased by 9.9 - 23.2% in all cases of orientations, and the surface temperature of translucent openings of southern orientation is on average 18.2% higher relative to other orientations, which also indicates the influence of solar radiation on the thermal values of translucent openings. The analysis of thermograms and temperature of characteristic points of the external façade with regard to orientations showed a temperature difference from 7.5ºC to 21ºC depending on the orientation of the building, where the most exposed to solar radiation façade of southern orientation, which showed an increase in surface temperature by 3 times. Thus, the obtained results of the study will further contribute to the development of energy-efficient designs of external enclosures, considering the influence of all factors on the process of heat exchange, which is the main objective of the authors’ comprehensive study.