Energy-efficient, adaptive, affordable and durable curtain wall systems have always attracted great interest among the scientific and technical communities. In this regard, the purpose of this work was to conduct a comprehensive review of the issues related to energy-efficient adaptive dynamic facades, taking into account their operating loads, revealing the diversity of the studies conducted in this area. The review of the literature was carried out in three stages. For all stages, the review period was 2001–2024. In the first stage, a review of traditional curtain facade systems was conducted, which emphasized the relevance of this area, identifying a total of 4338 sources. In the second stage, a review of specific issues, such as adaptive dynamic facade systems, yielded 2838 sources, from which the 87 most suitable sources were selected. In the third stage, a review focusing on the issue of operating loads yielded 741 works, from which 43 suitable sources were selected. At the same time, pie charts reflecting the most active international scientific journals were compiled for each area. The conducted review of energy-efficient adaptive dynamic building facades, taking into account their operating loads, could provide significant assistance in further research on the specified issues. As researchers mainly focus on environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness, they often neglect issues such as the systems’ resistance to operating loads, which represents a serious deficiency. In this regard, this review identified a gap in the research on the development of energy-efficient facades with an air layer; on this basis, the further development of adaptive facade systems is required. The review of the selected studies also showed that issues related to energy efficiency and sustainability, taking into account operational loads, have not been addressed in combination; rather, they have only been addressed individually. At the same time, this review shows that the proposed development of an adaptive system of external fencing could be relevant, both nationally and internationally, depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the territory for which the buildings are designed.

A possible way to solve the problem of energy saving in construction is to introduce energy-efficient buildings at the design stage and, in particular, during retrofit. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to conduct a theoretical analysis of thermal resistance and energy loads on a building in cold climatic conditions. The study of these values was carried out in the ANSYS software package and the Maple computer algebra system, respectively. This study examines four types of structures: the existing facade of a building constructed in 1966, a traditional ventilated facade, and two designs featuring alternating insulation layers with enclosed air channels and with or without heat-reflecting screens in the insulation layer. The results of this study show that the new design incorporating heat-reflecting screens in the insulation layer is 1.15 times more energy-efficient in terms of thermal resistance than the proposed design without such screens. The effectiveness of the proposed new design with heat-reflecting screens in the insulation layer is also confirmed through an analysis of the thermal protection of the building, where the auxiliary indicators, specific characteristics, and complex values of energy efficiency and energy load of the building show greater efficiencies of 1.6, 1.03, and 1.05 times, respectively, compared to the other studied structures. The comprehensive research results presented in this study indicate that the use of energy-efficient wall structures for the retrofit of external enclosures can significantly improve the thermal performance of buildings. It was also determined that the use of such wall structures can significantly enhance the building’s overall energy efficiency rating. The findings of this study highlight that the proposed solutions can contribute to significant energy savings in buildings, while the newly developed structures can serve as valuable additions to the existing catalog of energy-efficient external wall designs.

The study examined the intricate relationships between embankment slope configurations, toe drain designs, and drawdown scenarios. It utilized a unique combination of numerical, physical, and mathematical models. The investigation involved 16 numerical models and 8 physical models with distinct characteristics. The research explored the correlations of key parameters: matric suction, horizontal water conductivity, time, and factor of safety. The factor of safety values varied from 0.62 to 1.03 as a result of the different investigated combinations. For instance, a 1:2 embankment slope without a toe drain under instantaneous drawdown led to the factor of safety values ranging from 1.22 to 1.57. Additionally, incorporating elements like a 30 m toe drain and a 1 m per day drawdown rate influenced these values, with extremes recorded from 1.337 to 2.21, shedding light on embankment stability under diverse conditions and configurations. When subjected to a 1 m per day drawdown, water flow rates decreased significantly at the upstream face and increased downstream, accompanied by an increase in water mass flux at the upstream face and a decrease at the downstream toe, suggesting dynamic changes in water behavior in response to drawdown. Moreover, the findings unveiled significant correlations between matric suction and time (correlation coefficient of 0.950) and factor of safety and water conductivity (correlation coefficient of 0.750). Conversely, a distinct negative correlation emerged between matric suction and factor of safety (correlation coefficient of −0.864). The study’s distinctive insights contribute to our understanding of seepage behavior and dam stability across varied scenarios, offering valuable input for resilient dam construction approaches that will ensure the longevity and effectiveness of these essential structures.

В статье рассматривается вопросы современного состояния системы водоотведения города Кызылорда. Кызылорда один из немногих городов областного масштаба, где имеющиеся сооружения биологической очистки сточных вод работают неполноценно. Это создает определенные трудности в вопросах утилизации сточных вод. Общий объем сточных вод города Кызылорда в 2021 году составил 6026,91 тыс. м3. Одним из сложных и актуальных геоэкологических проблем, требующего своевременного решения, является накопление в водной среде производственных и бытовых отходов, то есть сточных вод городов и промышленных объектов, требующих безопасной утилизации. Это проблема тесно связано с гидроэкологическим нормированием, на основе которого определяются параметры состояния, интервалов их естественного колебания, выявление пороговых и критических величин параметров, обеспечивающих сохранение портрета природных систем. В настоящее время, одним из эффективных способов утилизации является почвенный метод очистки сточных вод на специализированных оросительных системах, используемых для орошения сельскохозяйственных культур. Однако, получившие широкое распространение технологии утилизации сточных вод на орошаемых землях, не обеспечивает охрану окружающей среды, что требует дальнейшего их совершенствования.