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The aim of the research presented in the article was to check the differences in the hygro-thermal and mechanical properties of hemp-lime composites with different shives fractions, depending on the direction of mixture compaction. The research part of the paper presents the preparation method and investigation on the composites. Thermal conductivity, capillary uptake, as well as flexural and compressive strengths were examined. Additionally, an analysis of the temperature distribution in the external wall insulated with the tested composites was performed. The results confirm that the direction of compaction influences the individual properties of the composites in a similar way, depending on the size of the shives. The differences are more pronounced in the case of the composite containing longer fractions of shives. Both thermal conductivity of the material and the capillary uptake ability are lower in the parallel direction of the compaction process. Composites exhibit greater stiffness, but they fail faster with increasing loads when loaded in the direction perpendicular to compaction.
Przemysław Brzyski; Piotr Gleń; Mateusz Gładecki; Monika Rumińska; Zbigniew Suchorab; Grzegorz Łagód. Influence of the Direction of Mixture Compaction on the Selected Properties of a Hemp-Lime Composite. Materials 2021, 14, 4629 .
AMA StylePrzemysław Brzyski, Piotr Gleń, Mateusz Gładecki, Monika Rumińska, Zbigniew Suchorab, Grzegorz Łagód. Influence of the Direction of Mixture Compaction on the Selected Properties of a Hemp-Lime Composite. Materials. 2021; 14 (16):4629.
Chicago/Turabian StylePrzemysław Brzyski; Piotr Gleń; Mateusz Gładecki; Monika Rumińska; Zbigniew Suchorab; Grzegorz Łagód. 2021. "Influence of the Direction of Mixture Compaction on the Selected Properties of a Hemp-Lime Composite." Materials 14, no. 16: 4629.
The paper presents the experimental studies on the effect of the water containing micro-nano bubbles of various gases on the physico-mechanical properties of lime-cement mortars. In total, 7 types of mortars were prepared: with water containing the micro-nano bubbles of O2, O3 or CO2 as 50% or 100% substitute of ordinary mixing water (tap water) and the reference mortar prepared using tap water. In order to determine the influence of water with micro-nano bubbles of gases, the consistency of fresh mortar and the physical properties of hardened mortar, i.e., specific and apparent density, total porosity, water absorption by weight and capillary absorption, were established. The mechanical strength of the considered mortars was studied as well by conducting the tests for flexural and compressive strengths following 14, 28 and 56 days. Reduced workability and capillary absorption were observed in the modified mortars within the range of 0.9–8.5%. The mortars indicated an increase in the flexural strength after 28 days ranging from 3.4% to 23.5% and improved compressive strength in 1.2–31%, in comparison to the reference mortar. The conducted studies indicated increased flexural and compressive strengths along with the share of micro-nano bubbles of gases in the mixing water.
Małgorzata Grzegorczyk-Frańczak; Danuta Barnat-Hunek; Wojciech Andrzejuk; Jacek Zaburko; Monika Zalewska; Grzegorz Łagód. Physical Properties and Durability of Lime-Cement Mortars Prepared with Water Containing Micro-Nano Bubbles of Various Gases. Materials 2021, 14, 1902 .
AMA StyleMałgorzata Grzegorczyk-Frańczak, Danuta Barnat-Hunek, Wojciech Andrzejuk, Jacek Zaburko, Monika Zalewska, Grzegorz Łagód. Physical Properties and Durability of Lime-Cement Mortars Prepared with Water Containing Micro-Nano Bubbles of Various Gases. Materials. 2021; 14 (8):1902.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMałgorzata Grzegorczyk-Frańczak; Danuta Barnat-Hunek; Wojciech Andrzejuk; Jacek Zaburko; Monika Zalewska; Grzegorz Łagód. 2021. "Physical Properties and Durability of Lime-Cement Mortars Prepared with Water Containing Micro-Nano Bubbles of Various Gases." Materials 14, no. 8: 1902.
Pipe tanks represent important runoff retention elements of urban stormwater systems. They enable us to reduce and retain runoff as well as to mitigate peak flows in the network. Pipe tanks are often taken into account while designing the spatial plan of urban catchment areas. Hence, there is a need to develop a relatively quick and accurate method for pipe tank dimensioning. A graphical–analytical method of designing a pipe tank is presented in the paper. In the assumed methodology, the possibility of employing machine learning for obtaining a more precise error prediction of the proposed pipe tank design method (compared with the tank volume simulations using the storm water management model (SWMM)) are considered. Thus far, this aspect has not been discussed in the literature. In the adopted calculation methodology, sensitivity analysis constitutes an important element, enabling us to assess the influence of the input data assumed for tank design on the dimensions of the outflow devices and the length of the retention chamber.
Bartosz Szeląg; Adam Kiczko; Anna Musz-Pomorska; Marcin Widomski; Jacek Zaburko; Grzegorz Łagód; David Stránský; Marek Sokáč. Advanced Graphical–Analytical Method of Pipe Tank Design Integrated with Sensitivity Analysis for Sustainable Stormwater Management in Urbanized Catchments. Water 2021, 13, 1035 .
AMA StyleBartosz Szeląg, Adam Kiczko, Anna Musz-Pomorska, Marcin Widomski, Jacek Zaburko, Grzegorz Łagód, David Stránský, Marek Sokáč. Advanced Graphical–Analytical Method of Pipe Tank Design Integrated with Sensitivity Analysis for Sustainable Stormwater Management in Urbanized Catchments. Water. 2021; 13 (8):1035.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartosz Szeląg; Adam Kiczko; Anna Musz-Pomorska; Marcin Widomski; Jacek Zaburko; Grzegorz Łagód; David Stránský; Marek Sokáč. 2021. "Advanced Graphical–Analytical Method of Pipe Tank Design Integrated with Sensitivity Analysis for Sustainable Stormwater Management in Urbanized Catchments." Water 13, no. 8: 1035.
In this study, the thermophysical properties such as the thermal expansion, thermal diffusivity and conductivity, and specific heat capacity of ceramic samples made from kaolin and natural zeolite are investigated up to 1100 °C. The samples were prepared from Sedlec kaolin (Czech Republic) and natural zeolite (Nižný Hrabovec, Slovakia). Kaolin was partially replaced with a natural zeolite in the amounts of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mass%. The measurements were performed on cylindrical samples using thermogravimetric analysis, a horizontal pushrod dilatometer, and laser flash apparatus. The results show that zeolite in the samples decreases the values of all studied properties (except thermal expansion), which is positive for bulk density, porosity, thermal diffusivity, and conductivity. It has a negative effect for thermal expansion because shrinkage increases with the zeolite content. Therefore, the optimal amount of zeolite in the sample (according to the studied properties) is 30 mass%.
Ján Ondruška; Tomáš Húlan; Ivana Sunitrová; Štefan Csáki; Grzegorz Łagód; Alena Struhárová; Anton Trník. Thermophysical Properties of Kaolin–Zeolite Blends up to 1100 °C. Crystals 2021, 11, 165 .
AMA StyleJán Ondruška, Tomáš Húlan, Ivana Sunitrová, Štefan Csáki, Grzegorz Łagód, Alena Struhárová, Anton Trník. Thermophysical Properties of Kaolin–Zeolite Blends up to 1100 °C. Crystals. 2021; 11 (2):165.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJán Ondruška; Tomáš Húlan; Ivana Sunitrová; Štefan Csáki; Grzegorz Łagód; Alena Struhárová; Anton Trník. 2021. "Thermophysical Properties of Kaolin–Zeolite Blends up to 1100 °C." Crystals 11, no. 2: 165.
The paper presents the results of research concerning three fiber materials—mineral wool, hemp fiber and wood wool—as loose-fill thermal insulation materials. The analysis used the material parameters determined in previous works conducted by the authors, such as thermal conductivity and air permeability in relation to bulk density. These materials exhibit open porosity; thus, convection is an essential phenomenon in the heat transfer process. The paper aimed at conducting thermal simulations of various frame wall variants which were filled with the above-mentioned insulation materials. The simulations were performed with the Control Volume Method using the Delphin 5.8 software. The studies accounted for the effect of wind pressure and the time of its influence on a wall insulated by means of fiber material with a thickness of 150 as well as 250 mm. The simulation enabled us to obtain such data as maximal R-value reduction and time to return to equilibrium after filtration for the analyzed materials. The study proved that heat transfer in these insulations strongly depends on the bulk density, thickness of the insulation and wind pressure. The decrease in R is reduced as the density increases. This results from the decreased air permeability characterizing the material. Wind washing causes lower R reduction than air filtration in all models. The greater the thickness, the longer it takes for the models to return to the equilibrium state following air filtration (and wind washing). This period is comparable for air filtration and wind washing. Hemp fibers were characterized with the strongest susceptibility to air filtration; in the case of wood wool, it was also high, but lower than for hemp fibers, while mineral wool was characterized with the lowest.
Piotr Kosiński; Przemysław Brzyski; Zbigniew Suchorab; Grzegorz Łagód. Heat Losses Caused by the Temporary Influence of Wind in Timber Frame Walls Insulated with Fibrous Materials. Materials 2020, 13, 5514 .
AMA StylePiotr Kosiński, Przemysław Brzyski, Zbigniew Suchorab, Grzegorz Łagód. Heat Losses Caused by the Temporary Influence of Wind in Timber Frame Walls Insulated with Fibrous Materials. Materials. 2020; 13 (23):5514.
Chicago/Turabian StylePiotr Kosiński; Przemysław Brzyski; Zbigniew Suchorab; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "Heat Losses Caused by the Temporary Influence of Wind in Timber Frame Walls Insulated with Fibrous Materials." Materials 13, no. 23: 5514.
The improvement of energy efficiency ensuring high nutrients removal is a great concern for many wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The energy balance of a WWTP can be improved through the application of highly efficient digestion or its intensification, e.g., through the introduction of the co-substrates with relatively high energy potential to the sewage sludge (SS). In the present study, the overview of the energetic aspect of the Polish WWTPs was presented. The evaluation of energy consumption at individual stages of wastewater treatment along with the possibilities of its increasing was performed. Additionally, the influence of co-digestion process implementation on the energy efficiency of a selected WWTP in Poland was investigated. The evaluation was carried out for a WWTP located in Iława. Both energetic and treatment efficiency were analyzed. The energy balance evaluation of this WWTP was also performed. The obtained results indicated that the WWTP in Iława produced on average 2.54 GWh per year (7.63 GWh of electricity in total) as a result of the co-digestion of sewage sludge with poultry processing waste. A single cubic meter of co-substrates fed to the digesters yielded an average of 25.6 ± 4.3 Nm3 of biogas (between 18.3 and 32.2 Nm3/m3). This enabled covering the energy demand of the plant to a very high degree, ranging from 93.0% to 99.8% (98.2% on average). Importantly, in the presence of the co-substrate, the removal efficiency of organic compounds was enhanced from 64% (mono-digestion) to 69–70%.
Adam Masłoń; Joanna Czarnota; Aleksandra Szaja; Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak; Grzegorz Łagód. The Enhancement of Energy Efficiency in a Wastewater Treatment Plant through Sustainable Biogas Use: Case Study from Poland. Energies 2020, 13, 6056 .
AMA StyleAdam Masłoń, Joanna Czarnota, Aleksandra Szaja, Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak, Grzegorz Łagód. The Enhancement of Energy Efficiency in a Wastewater Treatment Plant through Sustainable Biogas Use: Case Study from Poland. Energies. 2020; 13 (22):6056.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAdam Masłoń; Joanna Czarnota; Aleksandra Szaja; Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "The Enhancement of Energy Efficiency in a Wastewater Treatment Plant through Sustainable Biogas Use: Case Study from Poland." Energies 13, no. 22: 6056.
Recently, many wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have had to deal with serious problems related to the restrictive requirements regarding the effluent quality, as well as significant energy consumption associated with it. In this situation, mainstream deammonification and/or shortened nitrification-denitrification via nitrite (so-called “nitrite shunt”) is a new promising strategy. This study shows the mechanisms and operating conditions (e.g., dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, temp.), leading to the complete domination of ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) over nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) under aerobic conditions. Its successful application as shortcut nitrification in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology will represent a paradigm shift for the wastewater industry, offering the opportunity for efficient wastewater treatment, energy-neutral or even energy-positive facilities, and substantial reductions in treatment costs. In this study, under low and moderate temperatures (10–16 °C), averaged DO concentrations (0.7 mg O2/L) were preferable to ensure beneficial AOB activity over NOB, by maintaining reasonable energy consumption. Elevated temperatures (~30 °C), as well as increased DO concentration, were recognized as beneficial for the NOB activity stimulation, thus under such conditions, the DO limitation seems to be a more prospective approach.
Mehdi Sharif Shourjeh; Przemysław Kowal; Jakub Drewnowski; Bartosz Szeląg; Aleksandra Szaja; Grzegorz Łagód. Mutual Interaction between Temperature and DO Set Point on AOB and NOB Activity during Shortcut Nitrification in a Sequencing Batch Reactor in Terms of Energy Consumption Optimization. Energies 2020, 13, 5808 .
AMA StyleMehdi Sharif Shourjeh, Przemysław Kowal, Jakub Drewnowski, Bartosz Szeląg, Aleksandra Szaja, Grzegorz Łagód. Mutual Interaction between Temperature and DO Set Point on AOB and NOB Activity during Shortcut Nitrification in a Sequencing Batch Reactor in Terms of Energy Consumption Optimization. Energies. 2020; 13 (21):5808.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehdi Sharif Shourjeh; Przemysław Kowal; Jakub Drewnowski; Bartosz Szeląg; Aleksandra Szaja; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "Mutual Interaction between Temperature and DO Set Point on AOB and NOB Activity during Shortcut Nitrification in a Sequencing Batch Reactor in Terms of Energy Consumption Optimization." Energies 13, no. 21: 5808.
The use of modern methods and modelling and simulation tools in the design of bioreactors allows for the analysis of flow phenomena in a short period of time without the need of physical model preparation, and thus for the optimization of existing solutions. The article presents simulations of...
Jacek Zaburko; Radosław Głowienka; Marcin Konrad Widomski; Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak; Roman Babko; Grzegorz Łagód. Modeling of the Aeration System of a Sequencing Batch Reactor. Journal of Ecological Engineering 2020, 21, 249 -256.
AMA StyleJacek Zaburko, Radosław Głowienka, Marcin Konrad Widomski, Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak, Roman Babko, Grzegorz Łagód. Modeling of the Aeration System of a Sequencing Batch Reactor. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2020; 21 (7):249-256.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJacek Zaburko; Radosław Głowienka; Marcin Konrad Widomski; Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak; Roman Babko; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "Modeling of the Aeration System of a Sequencing Batch Reactor." Journal of Ecological Engineering 21, no. 7: 249-256.
The paper presents the results of studies on the modeling and optimization of organic pollutant removal from an aqueous solution in the course of simultaneous adsorption onto activated carbons with varied physical characteristics and oxidation using H2O2. The methodology for determining the models used for predicting the sorption and catalytic parameters in the process was presented. The analysis of the influence of the sorption and catalytic parameters of activated carbons as well as the oxidizer dose on the removal dynamics of organic dyes-phenol red and crystal violet-was carried out based on the designated empirical models. The obtained results confirm the influence of specific surface area (S) of the activated carbon and oxidizer dose on the values of the reaction rate constants related to the removal of pollutants from the solution in a simultaneous process. It was observed that the lower the specific surface area of carbon (S), the greater the influence of the oxidizer on the removal of pollutants from the solution. The proposed model, used for optimization of parameters in a simultaneous process, enables to analyze the effect of selected sorbents as well as the type and dose of the applied oxidizer on the pollutant removal efficiency. The practical application of models will enable to optimize the selection of a sorbent and oxidizer used simultaneously for a given group of pollutants and thus reduce the process costs.
Lidia Dąbek; Anna Picheta-Oleś; Bartosz Szeląg; Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak; Grzegorz Łagód. Modeling and Optimization of Pollutants Removal during Simultaneous Adsorption onto Activated Carbon with Advanced Oxidation in Aqueous Environment. Materials 2020, 13, 4220 .
AMA StyleLidia Dąbek, Anna Picheta-Oleś, Bartosz Szeląg, Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak, Grzegorz Łagód. Modeling and Optimization of Pollutants Removal during Simultaneous Adsorption onto Activated Carbon with Advanced Oxidation in Aqueous Environment. Materials. 2020; 13 (19):4220.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLidia Dąbek; Anna Picheta-Oleś; Bartosz Szeląg; Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "Modeling and Optimization of Pollutants Removal during Simultaneous Adsorption onto Activated Carbon with Advanced Oxidation in Aqueous Environment." Materials 13, no. 19: 4220.
The effects of two powdered mineral materials (powdered ceramsite and powdered limestone) on aerobic granulation of sludge were evaluated. The experiment was conducted on a laboratory scale bioreactors treating wastewater for 89 days. Three granular sequencing batch reactors (GSBRs) were operated at the lowest optimal organic loading rate (OLR) of 2.55 g COD/(L∙d). In the control reactor (R1), the mean diameter (d) of the biomass ranged from 124.0 to 210.0 µm, and complete granulation was not achieved. However, complete granulation did occur in reactors to which either ceramsite (251.9 µm < d < 783.1 µm) or limestone (246.0 µm < d < 518.9 µm) was added. Both powdered materials served as a ballast for the sludge flocs making up the seed sludge. Ceramsite particles also acted as microcarriers of granule-forming biomass. The granules in the reactors with added powdered materials had nonfibrous and smoother surfaces. The reactor with ceramsite exhibited the highest average efficiencies for COD, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus removal (85.4 ± 5.4%, 56.6 ± 10.2%, and 56.8 ± 9.9%, respectively). By contrast, the average nitrification efficiency was 95.1 ± 12.8%.
Joanna Czarnota; Janusz A. Tomaszek; Adam Masłoń; Adam Piech; Grzegorz Łagód. Powdered Ceramsite and Powdered Limestone Use in Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology. Materials 2020, 13, 3894 .
AMA StyleJoanna Czarnota, Janusz A. Tomaszek, Adam Masłoń, Adam Piech, Grzegorz Łagód. Powdered Ceramsite and Powdered Limestone Use in Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology. Materials. 2020; 13 (17):3894.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoanna Czarnota; Janusz A. Tomaszek; Adam Masłoń; Adam Piech; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "Powdered Ceramsite and Powdered Limestone Use in Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology." Materials 13, no. 17: 3894.
In line with the current trend of seeking alternative methods for modification of the existing building composites, such as mineral–asphalt mixtures (MAMs), the materials from concrete and ceramics recycling are being used in increasingly wider applications. When added to MAMs as an aggregate, ceramic building material, which has different properties than the raw material (clay), may significantly influence the aggregate properties, including the wettability, porosity, asphalt adhesion, and consequently the mixture durability. The material’s microstructure was found using SEM. The wetting properties of mineral–asphalt mixtures were determined by measuring the contact angles (CA) of their surfaces, using water as the measuring liquid. The total surface free energy (SFE) values were determined using the Neumann method. When analyzing the research results, it can be noticed that the chemical composition of the ceramic aggregate has a significant influence on the adhesion of asphalt to its surface due to the chemical affinity. Waste ceramic aggregate, despite its acidic pH value being connected with its elevated silica content, exhibits good adhesive properties.
Wojciech Andrzejuk; Andrzej Szewczak; Stanisław Fic; Grzegorz Łagód. Wettability of Asphalt Concrete with Natural and Recycled Aggregates from Sanitary Ceramics. Materials 2020, 13, 3799 .
AMA StyleWojciech Andrzejuk, Andrzej Szewczak, Stanisław Fic, Grzegorz Łagód. Wettability of Asphalt Concrete with Natural and Recycled Aggregates from Sanitary Ceramics. Materials. 2020; 13 (17):3799.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWojciech Andrzejuk; Andrzej Szewczak; Stanisław Fic; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "Wettability of Asphalt Concrete with Natural and Recycled Aggregates from Sanitary Ceramics." Materials 13, no. 17: 3799.
The paper presented aimed at examining the effect of a fiber-reinforced concrete layer in the compressed zone on the mechanical properties of composite fiber-reinforced concrete slabs. Steel fibers (SF) and polypropylene fibers (PP) in the amount of 1% in relation to the weight of the concrete mix were used as reinforcement fibers. The mixture compositions were developed for the reference concrete, steel fiber concrete and polypropylene fiber concrete. The mechanical properties of the concrete obtained from the designed mixes such as compressive strength, bending strength, modulus of elasticity and frost resistance were tested. The main research elements, i.e., slabs with a reinforced compression zone in the form of a 30 mm layer of concrete with PP or SF were made and tested. The results obtained were compared with a plate made without a strengthening layer. The bending resistance, load capacity and deflection tests were performed on the slabs. A scheme of crack development during the test and a numerical model for the slab element were also devised. The study showed that the composite slabs with fiber-reinforced concrete with PP in the upper layer achieved 12% higher load capacity, with respect to the reference slabs.
Barbara Sadowska-Buraczewska; Małgorzata Szafraniec; Danuta Barnat-Hunek; Grzegorz Łagód. Flexural Behavior of Composite Concrete Slabs Made with Steel and Polypropylene Fibers Reinforced Concrete in the Compression Zone. Materials 2020, 13, 3616 .
AMA StyleBarbara Sadowska-Buraczewska, Małgorzata Szafraniec, Danuta Barnat-Hunek, Grzegorz Łagód. Flexural Behavior of Composite Concrete Slabs Made with Steel and Polypropylene Fibers Reinforced Concrete in the Compression Zone. Materials. 2020; 13 (16):3616.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarbara Sadowska-Buraczewska; Małgorzata Szafraniec; Danuta Barnat-Hunek; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "Flexural Behavior of Composite Concrete Slabs Made with Steel and Polypropylene Fibers Reinforced Concrete in the Compression Zone." Materials 13, no. 16: 3616.
Global energy consumption is increasing every year, and, despite their many negative impacts, fossil fuels are a major source of energy, but their reserves are gradually depleting. One of the promising but underutilized resources is plant biomass (phytomass). The main problem of plant biomass combustion is the low melting temperature of ash, but there are also problems with corrosion of heat exchangers and clogging of heat-exchanging surfaces. This work is concerned with the production of straw pellets in order to increase the melting temperature of ash by adding an additive. The paper sludge contains substances that can increase the melting point of ash and was therefore added to the pellet samples. This additive was mixed with straw in ratios from 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30 (straw/paper sludge). The use of paper sludge showed positive effects on increasing the melting temperature of the ash samples. The deformation temperature of the ash has already risen from 1020 to 1260 °C after the addition of 10% sludge, which is comparable to wood pellets.
Radovan Nosek; Sebastian Werle; Aleksandra Borsukiewicz; Agnieszka Żelazna; Grzegorz Łagód. Investigation of Pellet Properties Produced from a Mix of Straw and Paper Sludge. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 5450 .
AMA StyleRadovan Nosek, Sebastian Werle, Aleksandra Borsukiewicz, Agnieszka Żelazna, Grzegorz Łagód. Investigation of Pellet Properties Produced from a Mix of Straw and Paper Sludge. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (16):5450.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRadovan Nosek; Sebastian Werle; Aleksandra Borsukiewicz; Agnieszka Żelazna; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "Investigation of Pellet Properties Produced from a Mix of Straw and Paper Sludge." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16: 5450.
This paper presents the results of studies on the structure of the ciliate population in a freshwater lake. The classification of the ciliated communities based on the analysis of the distribution of ciliate population density in the lake along the oxygen gradients, taking into account their oxygen preferences, was proposed. It was shown that the distribution of ciliated protozoa in the space of a reservoir is determined not by such spatial units as the water column, bottom, and periphytal, but by the oxygen gradients. Four types of habitats with different oxygen regimes were distinguished: With stably high oxygen concentration, stably low oxygen concentration, stably oxygen-free conditions, and conditions with a high amplitude of diurnal oxygen variations. The location of these habitats in the space of the lake and their seasonal changes were determined. On the basis of the quantitative development of ciliate populations, zones of optima and tolerance ranges of some ciliate species in the oxygen gradient were established. The oxygen preferences were established for the species from four distinguished assemblages: Microoxyphilic, oxyphilic, euryoxyphilic, and anoxyphilic (anaerobic). The presence or the absence of a certain type of assemblage in the reservoirs depends solely on the parameters of the oxygen gradients. The diversity of the ciliated protozoa in water bodies also depends on the stability and diversity of the oxygen gradients.
Roman Babko; Tetiana Kuzmina; Yaroslav Danko; Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak; Grzegorz Łagód. Oxygen Gradients and Structure of the Ciliate Assemblages in Floodplain Lake. Water 2020, 12, 2084 .
AMA StyleRoman Babko, Tetiana Kuzmina, Yaroslav Danko, Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak, Grzegorz Łagód. Oxygen Gradients and Structure of the Ciliate Assemblages in Floodplain Lake. Water. 2020; 12 (8):2084.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoman Babko; Tetiana Kuzmina; Yaroslav Danko; Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "Oxygen Gradients and Structure of the Ciliate Assemblages in Floodplain Lake." Water 12, no. 8: 2084.
Fired bricks represent one of the most popular building materials, of which production is still growing. Since the functional properties of bricks have reached their physical limits, the current development aims at an optimization of production procedures as it goes along with heavy environmental loads. This paper is focused on tailoring the firing procedure to optimize the energy demands. Dealing with five different clays, their heat storage properties are determined using inverse analysis of calorimetric data so that the measurement errors are reduced. Moreover, effective values incorporate the thermal processes that occur during firing. A simplified model of clay samples is then used to calculate the energy demands for reaching an optimal firing scheme. The results show that specific treatment is necessary for particular clays as the energy demands may range between 89 and 173 MJ·m−2, depending on a clay composition. The highest demands were found in the case of clays containing the high volume of calcite and dolomite, of which thermal decomposition is very energy demanding. Using the tailored firing scheme, one can reach energy savings of up to 49% while the functional properties would be preserved due to maintaining the optimal temperature evolution in the brick body.
Václav Kočí; Lenka Scheinherrová; Jiří Maděra; Martin Keppert; Zbigniew Suchorab; Grzegorz Łagód; Robert Černý. Experimental and Computational Study of Thermal Processes in Red Clays Exposed to High Temperatures. Energies 2020, 13, 2211 .
AMA StyleVáclav Kočí, Lenka Scheinherrová, Jiří Maděra, Martin Keppert, Zbigniew Suchorab, Grzegorz Łagód, Robert Černý. Experimental and Computational Study of Thermal Processes in Red Clays Exposed to High Temperatures. Energies. 2020; 13 (9):2211.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVáclav Kočí; Lenka Scheinherrová; Jiří Maděra; Martin Keppert; Zbigniew Suchorab; Grzegorz Łagód; Robert Černý. 2020. "Experimental and Computational Study of Thermal Processes in Red Clays Exposed to High Temperatures." Energies 13, no. 9: 2211.
The paper presented the methodology for the construction of a soft sensor used for activated sludge bulking identification. Devising such solutions fits within the current trends and development of a smart system and infrastructure within smart cities. In order to optimize the selection of the data-mining method depending on the data collected within a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), a number of methods were considered, including: artificial neural networks, support vector machines, random forests, boosted trees, and logistic regression. The analysis conducted sought the combinations of independent variables for which the devised soft sensor is characterized with high accuracy and at a relatively low cost of determination. With the measurement results pertaining to the quantity and quality of wastewater as well as the temperature in the activated sludge chambers, a good fit can be achieved with the boosted trees method. In order to simplify the selection of an optimal method for the identification of activated sludge bulking depending on the model requirements and the data collected within the WWTP, an original system of weight estimation was proposed, enabling a reduction in the number of independent variables in a model—quantity and quality of wastewater, operational parameters, and the cost of conducting measurements.
Bartosz Szeląg; Jakub Drewnowski; Grzegorz Łagód; Dariusz Majerek; Ewa Dacewicz; Francesco Fatone. Soft Sensor Application in Identification of the Activated Sludge Bulking Considering the Technological and Economical Aspects of Smart Systems Functioning. Sensors 2020, 20, 1941 .
AMA StyleBartosz Szeląg, Jakub Drewnowski, Grzegorz Łagód, Dariusz Majerek, Ewa Dacewicz, Francesco Fatone. Soft Sensor Application in Identification of the Activated Sludge Bulking Considering the Technological and Economical Aspects of Smart Systems Functioning. Sensors. 2020; 20 (7):1941.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBartosz Szeląg; Jakub Drewnowski; Grzegorz Łagód; Dariusz Majerek; Ewa Dacewicz; Francesco Fatone. 2020. "Soft Sensor Application in Identification of the Activated Sludge Bulking Considering the Technological and Economical Aspects of Smart Systems Functioning." Sensors 20, no. 7: 1941.
The activated sludge models (ASMs) commonly used by the International Water Association (IWA) task group are based on chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionations. However, the proper evaluation of COD fractions, which is crucial for modelling and especially oxygen uptake rate (OUR) predictions, is still under debate. The biodegradation of particulate COD is initiated by the hydrolysis process, which is an integral part of an ASM. This concept has remained in use for over 30 years. The aim of this study was to verify an alternative, more complex, modified (Activated Sludge Model No 2d) ASM2d for modelling the OUR variations and novel procedure for the estimation of a particulate COD fraction through the implementation of the GPS-X software (Hydromantis Environmental Software Solutions, Inc., Hamilton, ON, Canada) in advanced computer simulations. In comparison to the original ASM2d, the modified model more accurately predicted the OUR behavior of real settled wastewater (SWW) samples and SWW after coagulation–flocculation (C–F). The mean absolute relative deviations (MARDs) in OUR were 11.3–29.5% and 18.9–45.8% (original ASM2d) vs. 9.7–15.8% and 11.8–30.3% (modified ASM2d) for the SWW and the C–F samples, respectively. Moreover, the impact of the COD fraction forms and molecules size on the hydrolysis process rate was developed by integrated OUR batch tests in activated sludge modelling.
Jakub Drewnowski; Bartosz Szeląg; Li Xie; Xi Lu; Mahesh Ganesapillai; Chinmoy Kanti Deb; Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak; Grzegorz Łagód. The Influence of COD Fraction Forms and Molecules Size on Hydrolysis Process Developed by Comparative OUR Studies in Activated Sludge Modelling. Molecules 2020, 25, 929 .
AMA StyleJakub Drewnowski, Bartosz Szeląg, Li Xie, Xi Lu, Mahesh Ganesapillai, Chinmoy Kanti Deb, Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak, Grzegorz Łagód. The Influence of COD Fraction Forms and Molecules Size on Hydrolysis Process Developed by Comparative OUR Studies in Activated Sludge Modelling. Molecules. 2020; 25 (4):929.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakub Drewnowski; Bartosz Szeląg; Li Xie; Xi Lu; Mahesh Ganesapillai; Chinmoy Kanti Deb; Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "The Influence of COD Fraction Forms and Molecules Size on Hydrolysis Process Developed by Comparative OUR Studies in Activated Sludge Modelling." Molecules 25, no. 4: 929.
Joanna Szulżyk-Cieplak; Roman Babko; Yaroslav Danko; Sylwia Duda-Saternus; Marina Kirichenko-Babko; Grzegorz Łagód. Evaluation of Stormwater System Influence on the River Using Algae. Journal of Ecological Engineering 2020, 21, 214 -221.
AMA StyleJoanna Szulżyk-Cieplak, Roman Babko, Yaroslav Danko, Sylwia Duda-Saternus, Marina Kirichenko-Babko, Grzegorz Łagód. Evaluation of Stormwater System Influence on the River Using Algae. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 2020; 21 (2):214-221.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoanna Szulżyk-Cieplak; Roman Babko; Yaroslav Danko; Sylwia Duda-Saternus; Marina Kirichenko-Babko; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "Evaluation of Stormwater System Influence on the River Using Algae." Journal of Ecological Engineering 21, no. 2: 214-221.
This study aimed to evaluate and compare the physical, chemical and biological properties of aerobic granular sludge from reactors with the addition of different powdered mineral materials. These properties have a significant impact on the efficiency of systems in which the biomass in granular form is used. Four identical granular sequencing batch reactors (GSBRs) were adopted for the research performed on a laboratory scale (R1—control reactor; R2, R3 and R4—with materials, PK, PG and PL respectively). The results indicate that the addition of powdered mineral materials improved the properties of biomass in reactors. The SVI5/SVI30 ratio values were significantly lower in the reactors with added materials (approx. 1.3 ± 0.3). The mean values of the sludge volume index at 30 min were the lowest in the R2 (39.8 ± 8.6 mL/g) and R4 (32.8 ± 10.7 mL/g) reactors. The settling velocity of biomass was the highest in the R2 reactor (15.4 ± 6.1 m/h). In the early days of the study, the highest extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content was found in the biomass from the reactors to which the materials with higher Ca and Mg content were added (380.18–598.30 mg/g MLVSS). The rate of specific oxygen uptake (SOUR) by biomass indicated an insufficient biomass content in the R1 reactor—to 7.85 mg O2/(g MLVSS∙h)—while in the reactors with materials, the SOUR values were at the higher levels.
Joanna Czarnota; Adam Masłoń; Monika Zdeb; Grzegorz Łagód. The Impact of Different Powdered Mineral Materials on Selected Properties of Aerobic Granular Sludge. Molecules 2020, 25, 386 .
AMA StyleJoanna Czarnota, Adam Masłoń, Monika Zdeb, Grzegorz Łagód. The Impact of Different Powdered Mineral Materials on Selected Properties of Aerobic Granular Sludge. Molecules. 2020; 25 (2):386.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoanna Czarnota; Adam Masłoń; Monika Zdeb; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "The Impact of Different Powdered Mineral Materials on Selected Properties of Aerobic Granular Sludge." Molecules 25, no. 2: 386.
In this review, the problem of microbiological infestation of buildings was discussed. The techniques of detection were described as well, with special attention drawn to the rapid-early detection methods based on gas sensor arrays. The physical and chemical conditions of the building environment conducive to the development of microorganisms and the technical conditions influencing the problem of microbiological infestation were investigated. Additionally, the harmful effects on human health caused by the microbiological contamination were discussed, with a short review of particular groups of microorganisms causing sick building syndrome. Among the detection techniques, the traditional microbiological techniques as well as the molecular and chemical methods were presented. Different designs of the gas sensor arrays together with the various techniques of analyzing the received multidimensional signal were described, analyzed, and compared in detail.
Monika Garbacz; Agnieszka Malec; Sylwia Duda-Saternus; Zbigniew Suchorab; Łukasz Guz; Grzegorz Łagód. Methods for Early Detection of Microbiological Infestation of Buildings Based on Gas Sensor Technologies. Chemosensors 2020, 8, 7 .
AMA StyleMonika Garbacz, Agnieszka Malec, Sylwia Duda-Saternus, Zbigniew Suchorab, Łukasz Guz, Grzegorz Łagód. Methods for Early Detection of Microbiological Infestation of Buildings Based on Gas Sensor Technologies. Chemosensors. 2020; 8 (1):7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonika Garbacz; Agnieszka Malec; Sylwia Duda-Saternus; Zbigniew Suchorab; Łukasz Guz; Grzegorz Łagód. 2020. "Methods for Early Detection of Microbiological Infestation of Buildings Based on Gas Sensor Technologies." Chemosensors 8, no. 1: 7.