Currently, destructive methods are often used to measure the quality parameters of agricultural products. These methods are often complex, time consuming and costly. Recently, studying to find a solution to the disadvantages of destructive methods has become a major challenge for researchers. Non-destructive methods can be useful for the rapid detection of the quality parameters of agricultural products. In this study, hyperspectral imaging was used to evaluate the non-destructive quality parameters of Red Delicious (Red Delicious) and Golden Delicious (Golden Delicious) apples, including pH, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acid (TA) and total phenol (TP). In order to predict the quality characteristics of apples, the partial least squares (PLS) method with different pre-processing was used. The developed models were evaluated using the root mean square parameters of RMSECV validation error, correlation coefficient (R_cv) and standard deviation ratio (SDR). The results showed that in Red Delicious, for pH, TA, SSC and TP the best forecasting methods were SNV, SNV, MSC and normalized pre-processing with the regression coefficient values of 0.9919, 0.9939, 0.9909 and 0.9899, respectively. In Golden Delicious (Golden Delicious), for pH, TA, SSC and TP, the first derivative, (smoothing and second derivative), normalize (and SNV and normalize) preprocessors were selected as the best prediction models, with values of 0.9989, 0.9989, 0.9999 and 0.9989, respectively. The results related to an artificial neural network also showed that in hyperspectral imaging, the best state of the feed-forward network structure with the LM training algorithm was R = 0.93, Performance = 0.005 and RMSE = 0.03 in 325 inputs, 5 outputs and 2 hidden layers. The results showed that hyperspectral imaging has different predictive capabilities for the qualitative characteristics studied in this study with high accuracy.

Visible–near‐infrared spectroscopy is known for its rapid and nondestructive characteristics designed to predict leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) of winter wheat. It is believed that the nonlinear technique is preferable to the linear method. The canopy reflectance was applied to generate the LCC prediction model. To accomplish such an objective, artificial neural networks (ANN), along with partial least squares regression (PLSR), nonlinear, and linear evaluation methods have been employed and evaluated to predict wheat LCC. The wheat leaves reflectance spectra were initially preprocessed using Savitzky–Golay smoothing, differentiation (first derivative), SNV (Standard Normal Variate), MSC (Multiplicative Scatter Correction), and their combinations. Afterward, a model for LCC using the reflectance spectra was developed by means of the PLS and ANN. The vis/NIR spectroscopy samples at the 350–1400 nm wavelength were preprocessed using S. Golay smoothing, D₁, SNV, and MSC. The preprocessing with SNV‐S.G, followed by PLS and ANN modeling, was able to achieve the most accurate prediction, with the correlation coefficient of 0.92 and 0.97, along with the root mean square error of 0.9131 and 0.7305 receptivity. The experimental findings also revealed that the suggested method utilizing the PLS and ANN model with SNV‐S. G preprocessing was practically feasible to estimate the chlorophyll content of a particular winter wheat leaf area according to the visible and near‐infrared spectroscopy sensors, achieving improved precision and accuracy. The nonlinear technique was proposed as a more refined technique for LCC estimating.

The quality assessment and grading of agricultural products is one of the post-harvest activities that has received considerable attention due to the growing demand for healthy and better-quality products. Recently, various non-destructive methods have been used to evaluate the quality of agricultural products, which are very desirable and faster and more economical than destructive methods. Optical methods are one of the most important non-destructive methods that use the high speed of light detection and computer data processing and are able to evaluate the quality and classification of products with high accuracy. Among the optical methods, visible–near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy is considered one of the most accurate methods. In this research, Vis/NIR spectroscopy technology was used in the spectral range of 350–1150 nm for non-destructive detection of some quality parameters including pH, TA, SSC, and TP of two varieties of Red Delicious and Golden Delicious apples. Various pre-processing models were developed to predict the parameters, which brought the desired results with high accuracy so that pH prediction results were for yellow apples (RMSEC = 0.009, r_c = 0.991, SDR = 2.51) and for red apples (RMSEC = 0.005, r_c = 0.998, SDR = 2.56). The results for TA were also (RMSEC = 0.003, r_c = 0.996, SDR = 2.51) for red apples and (RMSEC = 0.001, r_c = 0.998, SDR = 2.81) for yellow apples. The results regarding SSC were for red apples (RMSEC = 0.209, rc = 0.990 and SDR = 2.82) and for yellow apples (RMSEC = 0.054, SDR = 2.67 and rc = 0.999). In addition, regarding TP, the results were for red apples (RMSEC = 0.2, r_c = 0.989, SDR = 2.05) and for yellow apples (RMSEC = 1.457, r_c = 0.998, SDR = 1.61). The obtained results indicate the detection of the mentioned parameters with high accuracy by visible/infrared spectroscopic technology.