The objectives of this study were to investigate: (1) the effects of fertilization, environment, and their interactions on the thousand grain weight (TGW), hectolitre weight (HW) and grain yield (GY) of winter triticale, and (2) the correlations between these traits in different environments. The invariable nitrogen (80 kg N ha⁻¹), potassium (60 kg K₂O ha⁻¹) and two phosphorus (60 and 100 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) doses were used in Kragujevac location in central Serbia. Nitrogen was applied individually and in combination with two phosphorus rates and one rate of potassium fertilizer. Eight fertilization treatment controls and N₈₀, P₆₀, P₁₀₀, N₈₀P₆₀K₆₀, N₈₀P₁₀₀K₆₀, N₈₀P₆₀ and N₈₀P₁₀₀ were examined during three growing seasons. The yield and quality of triticale significantly varied across years and treatments. The average yield of all treatments in the 2015 growing season was significantly greater than in the previous years (3.597 t ha⁻¹). Combined usage of NPK fertilizer (80 kg N ha⁻¹, 100 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹ and 60 kg K₂O ha⁻¹) represented the excellent base for optimum supply of major nutrients, resulting in maximum GY (4.0 t ha⁻¹). Negative and significant correlation was found between grain GY and TGW (−0.392^*) in 2015, and positive highly significant correlation were in 2013 (0.648^**) and 2014 (0.493^**). The positive effect over complete application of fertilizer is the result of a lower pH value of the soil, as well as the low content of available phosphorus and potassium in Vertisol soil type. Optimizing fertilization for maximum profitability is of great importance in the future triticale production in Pannonian Environments.

Maize production is increasingly challenged by climate variability, making the optimization of genotype choice and sowing density essential for stable yields. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of sowing density (SD I, SD II, SD III), genotype (ZP 434, NS 4023, ZP 555, NS 5051, ZP 666, NS 6030), and climatic conditions on maize grain yield and its main components (number of grain rows per cob, thousand kernel weight, number of plants at harvest) over four consecutive years (2014-2017). The AMMI model was used to quantify the contribution of genotype (G), environment (E), and their interaction (G×E) to yield variability. Results showed that the highest yields were recorded in 2016 under favorable climatic conditions, with hybrids ZP 555 (15.07 t ha^-1) and NS 5051 (14.68 t ha^-1), while the lowest yields occurred in 2015 due to drought and high summer temperatures, particularly at higher sowing density (SD I), with NS 5051 yielding only 5.73 t ha^-1. The environment accounted for 83.56% of yield variability, whereas the G×E interaction explained 12.26%. Hybrids ZP 555 and NS 5051 exhibited the greatest yield stability. Lower sowing density (SD III) proved advantageous under dry conditions, whereas higher density (SD I) was optimal in favorable years. Grain yield was strongly correlated with the number of grain rows (r = 0.75**) and thousand kernel weight (r = 0.73**). These findings provide valuable insights into hybrid performance under variable climates and offer practical recommendations for optimizing hybrid selection and sowing density to improve maize adaptation to climate change.

The tests were performed on the property of the Agricultural and Chemical School “Doctor Djordje Radic” in Kraljevo, on pseudogley soil, during a two-year period (2015/16 and 2016/17). Based on the analysis of production value and total variable costs, a production calculation was made. Elements of economic efficiency (productivity, economy and profitability) were calculated for all four variants of fertilization. The tests showed a significant variation in grain yield in the tested fertilization variants. During the two-year research, the T2 variant fertilized with mineral nutrients with increased phosphorus dose (NP2K) had the most favorable values of economic efficiency indicators. Variant T2 can be considered the most profitable and most cost-effective, regardless of the fact that the yield and production value were the highest in variant T4, which is fertilized with a combination of mineral nutrients with increased doses of phosphorus, lime and organic fertilizers.

During the three-year field trials (2017, 2018 and 2019), 9 maize hybrids of different FAO maturity groups (400-600) were tested. The experiment was set up in three locations - three types of soil, in the Jablanica district, to recommend hybrids for the studied area based on the yield obtained, depending on soil type and the year of cultivation. During the three-year research, the hybrids achieved the highest average yields in 2018, when the amount and distribution of precipitation were most favourable, while the lowest average yield was obtained in 2017, when the amount of rainfall was insufficient during critical development stages. The highest average yields were produced on an alluvium soil, in the area of Leskovac (12.418 t ha-1), and the lowest on parapodzol, in the village of Orašje (8.672 t ha-1). The highest average grain yields in 2017, 2018 and 2019 were achieved by the hybrids ZP 560 (12.820 t ha-1), ZP 606 (15.569 t ha-1) and ZP 560 (14.863 t ha-1), respectively. The higher yields in 2018 can be attributed to higher amounts and a more favourable distribution of precipitation during the growing season than under the agroclimatic conditions in 2017 and 2019.

The results of the study of the influence of fertilization and calcification on the yield and yield components of winter triticale grown on low pH soil are presented in this paper. Five variants of fertilization were tested during three growing seasons. Trial treatments included different fertilization variants: V1-control, V2-N120, V3-N120P80K60, V4-N120P80K60 + 5 t ha- 1 of lime and V5-N120P80K60 + 5 t ha-1 of lime + 30 t ha-1 of manure. The results of the research showed that all yield components responded positively to the application of mineral nutrition by changing the production characteristics and grain quality. The variant with the combined application of NPK, lime and manure had the greatest positive effect on all tested parameters affecting triticale productivity. During the study, the highest yield of triticale 5.826 t ha-1 was obtained on the fertilization variant with the combined application of lime, manure and NPK fertilizers. The achieved increase in the grain yield of triticale was significant compared to the control and the NPK variant of fertilization. Highly significant positive dependencies were found between the grain yield with 1000-grain weight, and test weight and significant positive dependencies were found between 1000-grain weight and test weight. The research highlighted the impact of different fertilizer treatments on the yield and grain quality traits of winter triticale.

To determine the effect of vegetation season and fertilization on the yield and yield components of winter wheat, a field experiment was conducted at the Small Grains Research Center in Kragujevac (Serbia) to examine eight fertilization treatments during three growing seasons. The experimental study was performed on a degraded acidic vertisol. Annually, nitrogen fertilization rate was 80 kg ha-1 N, which was applied in combination with phosphorus (60 kg ha-1 and 100 kg ha-1) and potassium (60 kg ha-1). Grain yield, 1000 grain weight, and hectoliter weight were analyzed. Grain yield in all treatments in the 2014/15 growing season was significantly higher than in the other years of the study. The yield, thousand grain weight, and test weight of winter wheat significantly varied across years and treatments. The highest yield was achieved in the treatment NPK, with phosphorous applied at 100 kg ha-1 (4.024 t ha-1). Thousand grain weight was the highest in N80P60K60 (39.06 g). During the test, significantly higher values of test weight were found in P60 (76.36 kg hL-1). The statistical analysis showed a highly significant effect of year on grain yield, thousand grain weight, and test weight. Fertilization had the most significant impact on grain yield. Positive and highly significant correlations between yield and thousand grain weight were found in all investigated treatments, except for the control and the variant fertilized with 60 kg ha-1 of phosphorus, where significant correlations were found.