An experimental investigation has been carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) confinements in short plain circular concrete columns. The experimental part is conducted using different $\mathrm{PVC}$ tube diameters (110, 160, 220, and 250 mm) with two types of confinement strategies (fully and confined with the cut ends). The results are validated with unconfined samples (control samples). The test results showed that using external confinement of concrete columns by PVC tubes enhances the ultimate load capacity of the short columns. For fully confined samples, the enhancement ratio ranges between 5% and 8.3%, and from 4.16% to 15% for samples with cut ends. Furthermore, the confining of PVC pipes with the cut ends $({\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{CC}})$ has a more considerable effect on load capacity for all diameters except the ones with 250 mm, where the samples with full confinement (${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{c}}$) carried a bigger load than those with cutting ends. Finally, a numerical simulation of samples is carried out by the finite element $(\mathrm{FE})$ model using the $\mathrm{ABAQUS}$ software. For all scenarios, the results of the numerical analysis showed considerable similarity to the experimental results, with ${\mathrm{R}}^2$ of 0.95 indicating the high linearity between the actual and simulated compressive strength values. Moreover, the $\mathrm{FE}$ induces fewer simulated errors with a relative error $(\mathrm{RE})$ ranging from 0.16% to 6% for all scenarios.

Extreme climatic conditions and natural hazard-related phenomenon have been affecting coastal regions and riverine areas. Floods, cyclones, and climate change phenomena have hammered the natural environment and increased the land dynamic, socio-economic vulnerability, and food scarcity. Saltwater intrusion has also triggered cropland vulnerability and, therefore, increased the area of inland brackish water fishery. The cropland area has decreased due to low soil fertility; around 252.06 km² of cropland area has been lost, and 326.58 km² of water bodies or inland fishery area has been added in just thirty years in the selected blocks of the North 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India. After saltwater intrusion, soil fertility appears to have been decreased and crop production has been greatly reduced. The cropland areas were 586.52 km² (1990), 419.92 km² (2000), 361.67 km² (2010) and 334.46 km² (2020). Gradually the water body areas were increased 156.21 km² (1990), 328.15 km² (2000), 397.77 km² (2010) and 482.78 km² (2020). The vegetated land area also decreased due to it being converted into inland fishery areas, and around 79.15 km² were degraded during the last thirty years. The super cyclone Aila, along with other super cyclones and other environmental stresses, like water-logging, soil salinity, and irrigation water scarcity were the reasons for the development of the new fishery areas in the selected blocks. There is a need for proper planning for sustainable development of this area.

For companies, notably in the realms of energy and power supply, the essential requirement for highly efficient thermal transport solutions has become a serious concern. Current research highlighted the use of metallic oxides and carbon-based nanofluids as heat transfer fluids. This work examined two carbon forms (PEG@GNPs & PEG@TGr) and two types of metallic oxides (Al₂O₃ & SiO₂) in a square heated pipe in the mass fraction of 0.1 wt.%. Laboratory conditions were as follows: 6401 ≤ Re ≤ 11,907 and wall heat flux = 11,205 W/m². The effective thermal–physical and heat transfer properties were assessed for fully developed turbulent fluid flow at 20–60 °C. The thermal and hydraulic performances of nanofluids were rated in terms of pumping power, performance index (PI), and performance evaluation criteria (PEC). The heat transfer coefficients of the nanofluids improved the most: PEG@GNPs = 44.4%, PEG@TGr = 41.2%, Al₂O₃ = 22.5%, and SiO₂ = 24%. Meanwhile, the highest augmentation in the Nu of the nanofluids was as follows: PEG@GNPs = 35%, PEG@TGr = 30.1%, Al₂O₃ = 20.6%, and SiO₂ = 21.9%. The pressure loss and friction factor increased the highest, by 20.8–23.7% and 3.57–3.85%, respectively. In the end, the general performance of nanofluids has shown that they would be a good alternative to the traditional working fluids in heat transfer requests.