The advent of nanotechnology has brought about revolutionary innovations in biological research techniques and medical practice. In recent years, various “smart” nanocarriers have been introduced to deliver therapeutic agents specifically to the tumor tissue in a controlled manner, thereby minimizing their side effects and reducing both dosage and dosage frequency. A large number of nanoparticles have demonstrated initial success in preclinical evaluation but modest therapeutic benefits in the clinical setting, partly due to insufficient delivery to the tumor site and penetration in tumor tissue. Therefore, a precise understanding of the relationships betweenthe physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and their interaction with the surrounding microenvironment in the body is extremely important for achieving higher concentrations and better functionality in tumor tissues. This knowledge would help to effectively combine multiple advantageous functions in one nanoparticle. The main focus of the discussion in this review, therefore, will relate to the main physicochemical properties of nanoparticles while interacting within the body and their tuning potential for increased performance.

Enhancing nanoparticles’ anti-cancer capabilities as drug carriers requires the careful adjustment of formulation parameters, including loading efficiency, drug/carrier ratio, and synthesis method. Small adjustments to these parameters can significantly influence the drug-loading efficiency of nanoparticles. Our study explored how chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG) coatings affect the structural properties, drug-loading efficiency, and anti-cancer efficacy of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs). The loading efficiency of the NPs was determined using FTIR spectrometry and XRD. The quantity of chrysin incorporated into the coated NPs was examined using UV–Vis spectrometry. The effect of the NPs on cell viability and apoptosis was determined by employing the HCT 116 human colon carcinoma cell line. We showed that a two-fold increase in drug concentration did not impact the loading efficiency of Fe₃O₄ NPs coated with PEG. However, there was a 33 Å difference in the crystallite sizes obtained from chitosan-coated Fe₃O₄ NPs and drug concentrations of 1:0.5 and 1:2, resulting in decreased system stability. In conclusion, PEG coating exhibited a higher loading efficiency of Fe₃O₄ NPs compared to chitosan, resulting in enhanced anti-tumor effects. Furthermore, variations in the loaded amount of chrysin did not impact the crystallinity of PEG-coated NPs, emphasizing the stability and regularity of the system.

The production of cost-effective novel materials for PV solar cells with long-term stability, high energy conversion efficiency, enhanced photon absorption, and easy electron transport has stimulated great interest in the research community over the last decades. In the presented work, Cu/Cu₂S-MWCNTs nanocomposites were produced and analyzed in the framework of potential applications for PV solar cells. Firstly, the surface of the produced one-dimensional Cu was covered by Cu₂S nanoflake. XRD data prove the formation of both Cu and Cu₂S structures. The length and diameter of the one-dimensional Cu wire were 5–15 µm and 80–200 nm, respectively. The thickness of the Cu₂S nanoflake layer on the surface of the Cu was up to 100 nm. In addition, the Cu/Cu₂S system was enriched with MWCNTs. MWCNs with a diameter of 50 nm interact by forming a conductive network around the Cu/Cu₂S system and facilitate quick electron transport. Raman spectra also prove good interfacial coupling between the Cu/Cu₂S system and MWCNTs, which is crucial for charge separation and electron transfer in PV solar cells. Furthermore, UV studies show that Cu/Cu₂S-MWCNTs nanocomposites have a wide absorption band. Thus, MWCNTs, Cu, and Cu₂S exhibit an intense absorption spectrum at 260 nm, 590 nm, and 972 nm, respectively. With a broad absorption band spanning the visible–infrared spectrum, the Cu/Cu₂S-MWCNTs combination can significantly boost PV solar cells’ power conversion efficiency. Furthermore, UV research demonstrates that the plasmonic character of the material is altered fundamentally when CuS covers the Cu surface. Additionally, MWCN-Cu/Cu2S nanocomposite exhibits hybrid plasmonic phenomena. The bandgap of Cu/Cu₂S NWs was found to be approximately 1.3 eV. Regarding electron transfer and electromagnetic radiation absorption, the collective oscillations in plasmonic metal-p-type semiconductor–conductor MWCNT contacts can thus greatly increase energy conversion efficiency. The Cu/Cu₂S-MWCNTs nanocomposite is therefore a promising new material for PV solar cell application.

In the present study, the influence of the temperature–time mode of crystallization (TTC) on the electrophysical properties of polymer-based PP + Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite materials was investigated. Also, the effect of the temperature-time mode of crystallization of nanocomposites on the negative magnetoresistance (NMR) effect that observed in this material was investigated. It was found that dielectric permittivity of polymer nanocomposites rises with increasing of cooling rate. The cooling rate of nanocomposites after hot-pressing also affects the NMR effect of these materials. The conductivity of the material under the influence of magnetic field improves with increasing of its cooling rate, which leads to increasing of NMR effect.

In the present study, the influence of the organic stabilizers on the formation of magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles was investigated. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), dextran (DEX), and chitosan was chosen as biocompatible surface modification agents for obtained magnetic nanoparticles. The structure of the coated Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was learned by the X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic methods. It was explored that the PEG coated magnetic nanoparticles have relatively larger crystallite sizes, which indicate a more ordered crystal structure of these nanoparticles. Furthermore, FT-IR analysis showed that the Fe₃O₄-PEG system possesses a stronger nanoparticle-stabilizer interaction at the supramolecular level. This study emphasizes the significance of optimizing the surface properties of magnetic nanoparticles when using them in biomedical applications.