Минеральный состав плодов ремонтантной малины ( Rubus idaeus L.)

Apple is one of the most common fruit crops in the Russian fruit-growing industry, with huge varietal diversity and a vast cultivation area. The key regions for industrial-scale apple cultivation are the Central, Central Chernozem, and North Caucasian Districts. The main disadvantage of the relevant apple cultivars, especially the ones intended for intensified horticultural practices, is their low resistance against abiotic stresses and the fruit’s low quality and poor marketable condition. In Russia, apple is a crop of strategic importance that is consistently included in the household food basket, so fruit producers hold new varieties to higher standards and expect them to outperform their predecessors in terms of yield per plant, resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, and quality, as well as show strong competitiveness and a more rapid return on investment, while satisfying stricter requirements. The objective of the present study was to summarize the data on the phenotypic manifestations of economically valuable traits of the apple cultivars approved for use in the Russian Federation depending on the region of cultivation; to determine the parametric characteristics of the most valuable traits in the form of a model of an “ideal” regionally adapted industrial cultivar, and to identify the sources of the traits in the regions suitable for their production. A regionally adapted model of commercial apple cultivars, characterized by 28 features and properties divided into three groups and defining the cultivar’s resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, yield per plant, product quality, and suitability for mechanized harvesting, is presented in this paper. In the European part of Russia, the optimal parameters of a commercial apple tree cultivar are as follows: plant height on a medium-sized rootstock under 3 m; potential yield per plant of at least 25–50 kg; high fruit uniformity above 80%; winter and late-winter harvest maturity period; high storability of over 210 days and good transportability; average fruit mass from 120 g to 220 g; juicy and shattering crisp pulp; small seed cavity; fragrant fruits with taste rating of at least 4.5 points; appearance rating of 5 points and attractive, mostly red, glossy color with natural wax bloom; regular, symmetric, but diverse shapes; content of sugar above 10%, ascorbic acid above 15 mg/100 g, organic acids up to 1% (for dessert varieties); content of soluble dry solids of at least 20%. The cultivars that come closest to the regionally adapted model of an ideal variety based on the set of features discussed are as follows: Feya, Soyuz, Orfej, Margo, Sirius, Noktyurn, Vasilisa Karmen, Florina, Dayton, Early Mac, Gala and Gala Schniga in the North Caucasian District; Svezhest’, Orlovskoe Poles’e, Aprel’skoe, Ven’yaminovskoe, Bolotovskoe, Vympel, Uspenskoe, Fregat, Bylina, Flagman, and Akademik Kazakov in the North Caucasian District; and varieties Imrus, Mayak Zagor’ya, and Bolotovskoe in the Central District. These cultivars are characterized by high resistance against weather anomalies, scab immunity, high yields, marketable quality, and storability. In addition, in southern regions, a prolonged bloom period acts as a protective adaptive response to low-temperature stress.

Apples are among the most significant fruit crops in Russian horticulture. The wide variety, as well as the prominent economic potential of the crop, both enable its cultivation across many climate zones and bring orchard farming in general to the attention of investors in the agro-industrial sector. Breeders have met the rising challenges inherent in creating varieties that are superior in terms of productivity, abiotic- and biotic stress resistance, fruit quality and competitive fast-return capacity. In the present article, current research in apple breeding including methods for intensive selection is reviewed with a focus on breeding programmes for creating adaptive varieties having a high commercial and consumer value. Classical breeding can be complemented with modern techniques for an earlier selection of commercially valuable genotypes, identification of primary genotypes, as well as the creation of new donors and cultivars. The research achievements of leading national institutions in the development of apple varieties reflect additions to the Catalog of State-Permitted Cultivars of Agricultural Crops over the last decade. Most of the 422 permitted adapted apple cultivars are highly marketable due to having best-before-consumption dates in the winter. Despite current success in national orchard farming, further endeavours in crop breeding remain relevant today. Comprehensive research engaging genetics, physiology, phytopathology, virology, agrochemistry and nursery is essential for improving modern breeding programmes with the aim of supplying producers with high-quality planting material for a cost-effective, low pesticide, environmentallystable product.

To assess the degree of inheritance in plum genotypes of the trait of resistance to the effects of damaging environmental factors of the cold season (after a thaw and after a thaw with subsequent hardening) and to identify forms with high resistance to low negative temperatures, in 2019-2020 an experiment on freezing under controlled conditions was set up (climatic chamber TH-6 (JEIO TECH, Korea)). The objects of the experiment were one-year shoots of seedlings of three hybrid families obtained as a result of controlled hybridization in 2016 (UB 8 × Smolinka, Kubanskaya Kometa × Utro, Kubanskaya Kometa × Smolinka), as well as parental varieties: Kubanskaya Kometa, Smolinka, Utro and hybrid UB 8 with various forms of field resistance to low negative temperatures (based on average long-term observations in 2007-2015) and with high indicators of agronomic valuable traits. For each component of the study of winter hardiness, the temperature regimes of freezing were selected: -22 °C for 15 hours after 5 days of thaw +3 °C (III component); -34 °C after 5 days of thaw and subsequent hardening at -5 °C within 5 days, then at -10 °C for 5 days (IV component). As a result of assessing the resistance of the hybrids to low negative temperatures, it was noted that after the thaw 73 % of the hybrids showed no damage; after a thaw followed by hardening, the total degree of freezing of hybrids varied from 0.5 points (UB 8 × Smolinka, form No. 10) to 4 points (UB 8 × Smolinka, form No. 4). Genotypes resistant to temperature changes from positive to negative with hardening from families UB 8 × Smolinka (forms No. 1, 10), Kubanskaya Kometa × Utro (form No. 3), Kubanskaya Kometa × Smolinka (form No. 2) are of interest for further breeding research. Assessment of the influence of the genome of parental forms on inheritance in hybrids of resistance to low negative temperatures according to component IV using the Spearman rank correlation method revealed an average direct insignificant correlation between winter hardiness in parental forms and hybrids.

Th e great diversity of national and foreign raspberry varieties grown in nurseries poses great risks of variety confusion. Th e risks can be eliminated by introducing the standards of varieties. Th ese include nomenclature standards which are instrumental in comparing morphological characteristics, and, if necessary, genetic identifi cation that con- fi rms the identity of the selection product. To date, the nomenclature standards include seven raspberry varieties selected by the Lisavenko Research Institute of Horticulture for Siberia, ten varieties of raspberry selected by the Sverdlovsk Breeding Station of Horticulture and Novosibirsk Zonal Gardening Station. Th e breeders of the Federal Scientifi c Breed- ing and Technological Center for Horticulture and Plant Nursery in partnership with scientists of the Federal Research Center “N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources” have created nomenclature standards for fi ve raspberry breeding varieties under Contract No. 592-223-GR dated May 30, 2022 on the scientifi c project “National net- work collection of plant genetic resources for eff ective scientifi c and technological development of the Russian Federa- tion in the fi eld of genetic technologies.” Th e created varieties are represented by herbarium specimens consisting of four herbarium sheets of the Meteor (WIR-98342) and Peresvet (WIR-98349) varieties, three herbarium sheets of the Atlant (WIR-98341) and Podarok Kashinu (WIR-98400) varieties, as well as two herbarium sheets of the Poklon Kazakovu va- riety (WIR-98402). Th e herbarium sheets also include photographs of fl owers, fruits and canes. All nomenclature stand- ards are deposited in the Herbarium of cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weed plants (WIR) of the Federal Research Center “N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources,” and registered in the database “VIR herbarium (WIR).” Th e paper contains descriptions of morpho-biological and economic features and properties of these varieties, as well as a brief history of raspberry breeding in the Federal Scientifi c Breeding and Technological Center for Horticulture and Plant Nursery.

По данным FAOSTAT (2019), валовой сбор плодов груши в мире составляет 23,9 млн т/год, в том числе в России - 66 тыс. т/год, лидерами по производству являются Китай, США и Аргентина. Для успешного роста и развития большинства районированных сортов груши требуется от 135 до 185 дней безморозного периода и 2200…3000 °С сумм эффективных температур в зависимости от срока созревания. Формирование современного промышленного сортимента груши в Российской Федерации является одним из путей достижений целей «Доктрины о продовольственной безопасности Российской Федерации» и оно затруднительно без анализа имеющихся достижений в науке и производстве. Цель работы - провести анализ информационных ресурсов и определить структуру сортимента груши в РФ, его ранжирование по срокам созревания, регионам возделывания; имеющиеся направления в селекции культуры и тенденции ее развития. При выполнении работы были изучены и использованы статистические данные, сведения из открытых отечественных и зарубежных источников. В результате установлено, что на территории РФ допущено к использованию 153 сорта груши. В реестр охраняемых достижений внесены 32 сорта, из них - 2 зарубежных. Сорта представлены летними, осенними и зимними сроками потребления. Наибольшую долю сортимента (46,4 %) составляет группа осеннего срока созревания. Доля сортов, полученных научно-исследовательскими организациями, - 88 %. Селекционные программы НИУ направлены на создание высокоадаптивных сортов с высокими потребительскими качествами плодов, пригодных для интенсивного садоводства. Интенсификация селекционного процесса этой культуры в настоящее время невозможна без современных биотехнологических, генетических и биохимических...