It is possible to achieve the target indices of the Russian Doctrine of Food Security (self-sufficiency in fruits and berries should be at least 60 %) by combining the competencies of science and business. At present, hundreds of varieties of small fruit crops are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Admitted for Use. Domestic breeders have obtained substantial results; the share of their assortment is 79–100 %. Federal Research Center of Horticulture (Moscow) (101 pcs.), Federal Altai Research Center of Agrobiotechnology (Barnaul) (85 pcs.), Michurin Federal Research Center (Michurinsk) (42 pcs.) are the leaders in the number of created hybrids and varieties. Over the past five years, 133 new breeding achievements of traditional small fruit crops have been submitted to the State variety testing, the originators of which are research institutions, private companies and individuals. The creation of modern seed-breeding (nursery-breeding) centers (SBC) on the basis of leading specialized research institutions is expected to be the solution to the problems of modern breeding and nursery breeding and to give impetus to the development of domestic small fruit growing. The research programs of the SBC involve an integrated approach that combines the knowledge and capabilities of researchers from different disciplines, the concentration of a complex analytical instrument base in the Centers of collective use, the using of biotechnological and molecular genetic research, along with traditional methods of breeding. An analysis of the achievements in small fruit growing in research institutions under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation revealed a huge scientific potential (genetic collections, hybrid funds) for creating competitive commercial varieties and technologies for their cultivation by establishing plantations with certified planting material in accordance with international requirements. Information from literary sources indicates that one of the main criteria for the value of varieties is resistance to harmful viral diseases. The cultivation of such varieties will reduce the cost of producing planting material for small fruit crops of the highest quality categories. In the near future, the most relevant areas for the breeding of small fruit crops will be: breeding for resistance to the most harmful viruses, winter hardiness, increased transportability and long-term post-harvest storage of fruits, suitability for mechanized cultivation, high content of biologically active substances.

Минеральный состав плодов ремонтантной малины ( Rubus idaeus L.)

Apple is one of the most common fruit crops in the Russian fruit-growing industry, with huge varietal diversity and a vast cultivation area. The key regions for industrial-scale apple cultivation are the Central, Central Chernozem, and North Caucasian Districts. The main disadvantage of the relevant apple cultivars, especially the ones intended for intensified horticultural practices, is their low resistance against abiotic stresses and the fruit’s low quality and poor marketable condition. In Russia, apple is a crop of strategic importance that is consistently included in the household food basket, so fruit producers hold new varieties to higher standards and expect them to outperform their predecessors in terms of yield per plant, resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, and quality, as well as show strong competitiveness and a more rapid return on investment, while satisfying stricter requirements. The objective of the present study was to summarize the data on the phenotypic manifestations of economically valuable traits of the apple cultivars approved for use in the Russian Federation depending on the region of cultivation; to determine the parametric characteristics of the most valuable traits in the form of a model of an “ideal” regionally adapted industrial cultivar, and to identify the sources of the traits in the regions suitable for their production. A regionally adapted model of commercial apple cultivars, characterized by 28 features and properties divided into three groups and defining the cultivar’s resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, yield per plant, product quality, and suitability for mechanized harvesting, is presented in this paper. In the European part of Russia, the optimal parameters of a commercial apple tree cultivar are as follows: plant height on a medium-sized rootstock under 3 m; potential yield per plant of at least 25–50 kg; high fruit uniformity above 80%; winter and late-winter harvest maturity period; high storability of over 210 days and good transportability; average fruit mass from 120 g to 220 g; juicy and shattering crisp pulp; small seed cavity; fragrant fruits with taste rating of at least 4.5 points; appearance rating of 5 points and attractive, mostly red, glossy color with natural wax bloom; regular, symmetric, but diverse shapes; content of sugar above 10%, ascorbic acid above 15 mg/100 g, organic acids up to 1% (for dessert varieties); content of soluble dry solids of at least 20%. The cultivars that come closest to the regionally adapted model of an ideal variety based on the set of features discussed are as follows: Feya, Soyuz, Orfej, Margo, Sirius, Noktyurn, Vasilisa Karmen, Florina, Dayton, Early Mac, Gala and Gala Schniga in the North Caucasian District; Svezhest’, Orlovskoe Poles’e, Aprel’skoe, Ven’yaminovskoe, Bolotovskoe, Vympel, Uspenskoe, Fregat, Bylina, Flagman, and Akademik Kazakov in the North Caucasian District; and varieties Imrus, Mayak Zagor’ya, and Bolotovskoe in the Central District. These cultivars are characterized by high resistance against weather anomalies, scab immunity, high yields, marketable quality, and storability. In addition, in southern regions, a prolonged bloom period acts as a protective adaptive response to low-temperature stress.

Raspberries are among the most popular berries on the market; therefore, interest in this crop is constantly growing. Raspberries are cultivated in more than 50 countries around the world, and this number is increasing. The steady expansion of raspberry cultivation and yields is due to the scientific support of the industry with new cultivation technologies and varieties. The present study was aimed at revealing difficulties and problems in raspberry breeding and identifying current tendencies and development trends. The paper provides a brief overview of raspberry production in the world, as well as an analysis of active breeding programs in Russia and abroad. The features of the breeding tasks are considered depending on the regions of cultivation. The main problems, methods used, source materials and breeding achievements are presented. It is revealed that the overall purpose of breeding programs is to obtain productive varieties with high adaptation to abiotic and biotic stressors, suitable for various cultivation technologies and having excellent fruit quality. It was found that despite the successes achieved in raspberry breeding, at present there is still lack of varieties with high adaptation to the environment and very early or late-ripening varieties, allowing to extend the period of consumption of fresh berries, as well as lack of high-tech industrial varieties suitable for contemporary cultivation technologies, and varieties with required commodity and consumer properties. The prospects of raspberry breeding for the coming years are considered. It is shown that in order to achieve the strategic objectives in breeding, it is necessary to enrich the cultivated gene pool of raspberry with new inclusions of wild species of Rubus. This requires the cooperation and coordination of all breeding programs for the expansion and exchange of genetic resources. In order to accelerate the breeding process, it is necessary to actively use a large set of biotechnological methods tested and well-proven on berry crops. Wider use of molecular-genetic methods is essential to significantly increase the speed and accuracy of breeding.

The aim of the work was to identify genetic sources and donors in the transferring of the main economically valuable traits and properties to the hybrid offspring of primocane raspberry. The objects of researches were 30 primocane raspberry varieties of domestic and foreign breeding, 35 selected forms, as well as their offspring from controlled crossings, inbreeding and populations from open pollination with a total amount of more than 3,500 pieces of seedlings. The evaluation of parental forms and hybrid offspring was carried out on the hybrid plot and on the competitive variety testing plot in the period from 2016 to 2019. As a result of researches, it was established that reliable donors of early and compressed crop ripening are varieties Evraziya, Medvezhonok, Pingvin, Podarok Kashinu, Poklon Kazakovu, Snezhet’, as well as the selected forms 1-156-21 (Bryanskaya Yubileinaya open pollination), 1-16-11 (1-182-10 × Evrasiya), 13-118-1 (46-41-20 o.p.), 44-154-2 (Pingvin × Bryanskoe Divo), 5-19-1 (32-151-20 o.p.), 7-42-5 (1-16-11 o.p.). The best combinations of crossings in obtaining hybrids with a high load of stem generative organs were the Zhar-Ptitsa × Bryanskoe Divo, Podarok Kashinu × Atlant, 1-156-21 × 1-16-11, 13-118-1 × Podarok Kashinu, 44-154-2 × Poklon Kazakovu, 1-156-21 x Snezhet’ and populations from open pollination of primocane forms 3-59-30, 3-117-1, 9-77-10, 9-155-1, 29-101-20. In the hybrid offspring of these parents, a small number (from 2.5 to 10 %) of transgressive seedlings are guaranteed to be released, forming from 120 to 200 pieces of fruit, fl owers and buds per shoot. The large-fruited seedlings (average weight 5.5-6.0 g) are cleaved out in the offspring varieties of Atlant, Poklon Kazakovu, Karamel’ka, Podarok Kashinu, Nizhegorodets, Samokhval and selected forms 13-118-1, 4-111-1, 11-165-1, 3-59-30. In the breeding to increase the strength of primocane raspberry fruits, you should actively involve varieties Atlant, Karamel’ka, Zolotaya Osen’, Medvezhonok, Podarok Kashinu, Samorodok, Samokhval, Driscoll Maravilla, Poranna Rosa and a number of selected forms-3-170-1 (Atlant × Snehet’), 3-131-1 (5-46-30 o.p.), 9-163-3 (13-118-1 × 1-16- 11), 6-154-1 (44-154-2 × Poklon Kazakovu), 1-54-1 (7-141 o.p.), 9-113-1 (Atlant × Koldun’ya).

Te article tackles the feasibility of improving the raspberry fruit size as an important production and marketability factor. Te trials included 22 domestic and foreign cultivars, 11 selected forms of raspberry, as well as ten cross-breeding combinations and three open-pollinated forms. Te assessment of parental forms and hybrids was carried out at the collection and breeding sites of the Kokino base station of Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery during 2016-2020. Fruits were harvested from regular cultivar bushes every 2 days in triplicate. Te average weight was determined per 100 berries in each replicate. Cultivars and hybrids were divided into three groups, small- (3.6 g). Te average berry weight in hybrid nurslings was estimated per plant. Each plant was sampled with 30 berries. Weighing was performed with an SCC-750 electronic scales device. Te weather conditions of the trial period were contrast, allowing a more objective assessment of the collection and breeding raspberry material by berry weight. Te following cultivars were identified as the sources of improved berry size in the parental form trials: Maria, Cascade Delight, Fenomen, Lavina, Cowichan, Patricia, Laczka, Glen Ample and selections 2-115-1, 8-13-2, 18-11-3, 18-11-2, 2-90-2 and 2-90-3. Tese forms had an average trial-period berry weight of 3.7-4.3 g least affected by weather conditions. Te inspection of hybrids revealed the best parental forms for obtaining new raspberry cultivars with an improved berry weight: Maria, Fenomen, Lavina, Cowichan, Glen Ample and the selected form 8-13-2. Te promising cross-combinations are: 2-12-1 x Fenomen, Lavina x Ulybka, 8-13-2 x Peresvet, as well as the open-pollinated offspring of Glen Ample, Cowichan and Maria. Large-fruited genotypes isolated in these lineages will be used in further breeding to increase the fruit size in raspberry.