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Минеральный состав плодов ремонтантной малины ( Rubus idaeus L.)

Apple is one of the most common fruit crops in the Russian fruit-growing industry, with huge varietal diversity and a vast cultivation area. The key regions for industrial-scale apple cultivation are the Central, Central Chernozem, and North Caucasian Districts. The main disadvantage of the relevant apple cultivars, especially the ones intended for intensified horticultural practices, is their low resistance against abiotic stresses and the fruit’s low quality and poor marketable condition. In Russia, apple is a crop of strategic importance that is consistently included in the household food basket, so fruit producers hold new varieties to higher standards and expect them to outperform their predecessors in terms of yield per plant, resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, and quality, as well as show strong competitiveness and a more rapid return on investment, while satisfying stricter requirements. The objective of the present study was to summarize the data on the phenotypic manifestations of economically valuable traits of the apple cultivars approved for use in the Russian Federation depending on the region of cultivation; to determine the parametric characteristics of the most valuable traits in the form of a model of an “ideal” regionally adapted industrial cultivar, and to identify the sources of the traits in the regions suitable for their production. A regionally adapted model of commercial apple cultivars, characterized by 28 features and properties divided into three groups and defining the cultivar’s resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, yield per plant, product quality, and suitability for mechanized harvesting, is presented in this paper. In the European part of Russia, the optimal parameters of a commercial apple tree cultivar are as follows: plant height on a medium-sized rootstock under 3 m; potential yield per plant of at least 25–50 kg; high fruit uniformity above 80%; winter and late-winter harvest maturity period; high storability of over 210 days and good transportability; average fruit mass from 120 g to 220 g; juicy and shattering crisp pulp; small seed cavity; fragrant fruits with taste rating of at least 4.5 points; appearance rating of 5 points and attractive, mostly red, glossy color with natural wax bloom; regular, symmetric, but diverse shapes; content of sugar above 10%, ascorbic acid above 15 mg/100 g, organic acids up to 1% (for dessert varieties); content of soluble dry solids of at least 20%. The cultivars that come closest to the regionally adapted model of an ideal variety based on the set of features discussed are as follows: Feya, Soyuz, Orfej, Margo, Sirius, Noktyurn, Vasilisa Karmen, Florina, Dayton, Early Mac, Gala and Gala Schniga in the North Caucasian District; Svezhest’, Orlovskoe Poles’e, Aprel’skoe, Ven’yaminovskoe, Bolotovskoe, Vympel, Uspenskoe, Fregat, Bylina, Flagman, and Akademik Kazakov in the North Caucasian District; and varieties Imrus, Mayak Zagor’ya, and Bolotovskoe in the Central District. These cultivars are characterized by high resistance against weather anomalies, scab immunity, high yields, marketable quality, and storability. In addition, in southern regions, a prolonged bloom period acts as a protective adaptive response to low-temperature stress.

The effect of a magnetic field on the phenolic composition and virus sanitation of raspberry plants | Mikhail Upadyshev, Svetlana Motyleva, Ivan Kulikov, Vladislav Donetskih, Maria Mertvishcheva, Мetlitskaya Klavdia, Anna Petrova | Agricultural Journals

The recent study aimed to investigate the composition of monosaccharides and their derivatives in the leaves of vegetable species Amaranthus tricolor L. cv. 'Valentina' of different ages, as well as, their vital role in enhancing the adaptive potential of the plant. Forty-eight monosaccharides and 28 of their derivatives have been identified in the composition of amaranth leaves of different ages. The maximum number of hydrophilic carbohydrate metabolites clustered in the young leaf. However, in older leaves, the number of water soluble metabolites showed similarities to that of the soluble in ethyl alcohol. Along with the general carbohydrate metabolites, the old leaves also contained specific monosaccharides, such as, lixopyranose, glucose, sorbose, mannobiose, cellobiose, and monosaccharide derivatives, i.e., methyl galactoside, glucopyranosiduronic and glucuronic acids, and alcohol erythritol. However, in Amaranthus tricolor L., the young leaf is characterized by arabinofuranose and carbohydrate derivatives, i.e., alpha-ketogluconic, arabinohexane, glucaric, galactaric, xylonic-D, lactone acids, and alcohol pentatriol. The leaves of different ages' composition showed polyhydric alcohols (glycerin, ribitol, and myo-inositol). It also showed osmoprotective and antioxidant properties.

The conservation, characterization, and utilization of genetic resource collections of horticultural crops are essential for ensuring food security. This study aimed to conserve the genetic diversity of fruit, berry, and ornamental crops from diverse ecological and geographic origins using ex situ conservation methods, as well as to characterize individual accessions and identify promising sources of resistance to adverse abiotic and biotic environmental factors for use in breeding and genetic research. The genetic resource collections maintained at the Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery comprise 3,355 cultivar accessions representing apple, pear, cherry, sweet cherry, plum, cherry plum, apricot, clonal apple rootstocks, strawberry, raspberry, black currant, red currant, gooseberry, actinidia, Chinese magnolia vine, blue honeysuckle, grapevine, and ornamental crops. The collections are maintained and evaluated under diverse environmental and climatic conditions at sites in the Moscow, Bryansk, and Orenburg Oblasts of Russia. An additional 114 accessions are maintained in vitro. The accessions are evaluated for phenology, adaptation to adverse abiotic and biotic environmental factors, morphological and biological characteristics, technological properties, and the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of fruit. From 2021 through 2025, the collections were expanded by 214 cultivars. Evaluation of the accessions resulted in the identification of 119 additional genetic sources of valuable breeding traits and characteristics. Approximately 300 cultivars have been developed, including 225 listed in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use. The Center currently holds 124 patents protecting plant breeders’ rights. Cultivar models of strawberry, blackcurrant, and raspberry have been developed, defining scientifically established optimal combinations of traits for cultivation under growing conditions of the Central Region of Russia. Five databases documenting original cultivars of pome fruits, stone fruits, and berry crops have been developed and registered. Molecular genetic studies are being conducted to investigate polymorphism among cultivars of apple, cherry, sweet cherry, raspberry, strawberry, and black currant, and genetic passports have been developed for these cultivars.