It is possible to achieve the target indices of the Russian Doctrine of Food Security (self-sufficiency in fruits and berries should be at least 60 %) by combining the competencies of science and business. At present, hundreds of varieties of small fruit crops are included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Admitted for Use. Domestic breeders have obtained substantial results; the share of their assortment is 79–100 %. Federal Research Center of Horticulture (Moscow) (101 pcs.), Federal Altai Research Center of Agrobiotechnology (Barnaul) (85 pcs.), Michurin Federal Research Center (Michurinsk) (42 pcs.) are the leaders in the number of created hybrids and varieties. Over the past five years, 133 new breeding achievements of traditional small fruit crops have been submitted to the State variety testing, the originators of which are research institutions, private companies and individuals. The creation of modern seed-breeding (nursery-breeding) centers (SBC) on the basis of leading specialized research institutions is expected to be the solution to the problems of modern breeding and nursery breeding and to give impetus to the development of domestic small fruit growing. The research programs of the SBC involve an integrated approach that combines the knowledge and capabilities of researchers from different disciplines, the concentration of a complex analytical instrument base in the Centers of collective use, the using of biotechnological and molecular genetic research, along with traditional methods of breeding. An analysis of the achievements in small fruit growing in research institutions under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation revealed a huge scientific potential (genetic collections, hybrid funds) for creating competitive commercial varieties and technologies for their cultivation by establishing plantations with certified planting material in accordance with international requirements. Information from literary sources indicates that one of the main criteria for the value of varieties is resistance to harmful viral diseases. The cultivation of such varieties will reduce the cost of producing planting material for small fruit crops of the highest quality categories. In the near future, the most relevant areas for the breeding of small fruit crops will be: breeding for resistance to the most harmful viruses, winter hardiness, increased transportability and long-term post-harvest storage of fruits, suitability for mechanized cultivation, high content of biologically active substances.

The article presents a model of a commercial variety of strawberry for the conditions of central Russia. This model covers 40 features and properties, which are combined into three groups: 1) plant resistance to a complex of adverse abiotic and biotic factors (adaptive potential); 2) productivity and quality of products; 3) manufacturability of the variety. In the middle zone of Russia, adapted strawberry varieties should develop normally and produce a high quality crop of 20-25 t/ha with the sum of temperature from 1800 to 2000 oC and the duration of the vegetative period from 130 to 180 days. They must withstand spring frosts, sharp and prolonged cooling during the vegetative period, more frequent droughts and high temperatures up to +36 oC, early-winter frosts up to -25 oC in the absence of snow, the frosts up to -36 oC in winter under snow cover, temperature drops from 0…+3 oC to -20 oC in December-March after thaws and have fi eld resistance to numerous diseases and pests. The parameters of high productivity of a biennial strawberry bush are: the number of fl ower stalks ≥10 pieces, the number of berries ≥50 and the average weight of fruits for all collections is more than 10.0 g. The ideal strawberry variety should contain >12 % RSV, >8 % sugars, >80 mg% ascorbic acid, >80 mg% anthocyans and no more than 1.5 % organic acids in berries. In addition to the high taste qualities and biochemical composition, strawberry berries should be attractive, one-dimensionally, have good transportability and keeping quality. According to the ideal variety model, the crushing force of strawberry berries, which determines their preservation during harvesting and long-term transportation, must be at least 10.0 N. The combination of the above-mentioned features and properties in one genotype is a task of the future, but systematic researches in this direction should be carried out constantly. The creation and gradually updating of sources and donors for each of breeding features on a genetically diverse basis will accelerate the implementation of this model into specifi c varieties.

Минеральный состав плодов ремонтантной малины ( Rubus idaeus L.)

Apple is one of the most common fruit crops in the Russian fruit-growing industry, with huge varietal diversity and a vast cultivation area. The key regions for industrial-scale apple cultivation are the Central, Central Chernozem, and North Caucasian Districts. The main disadvantage of the relevant apple cultivars, especially the ones intended for intensified horticultural practices, is their low resistance against abiotic stresses and the fruit’s low quality and poor marketable condition. In Russia, apple is a crop of strategic importance that is consistently included in the household food basket, so fruit producers hold new varieties to higher standards and expect them to outperform their predecessors in terms of yield per plant, resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, and quality, as well as show strong competitiveness and a more rapid return on investment, while satisfying stricter requirements. The objective of the present study was to summarize the data on the phenotypic manifestations of economically valuable traits of the apple cultivars approved for use in the Russian Federation depending on the region of cultivation; to determine the parametric characteristics of the most valuable traits in the form of a model of an “ideal” regionally adapted industrial cultivar, and to identify the sources of the traits in the regions suitable for their production. A regionally adapted model of commercial apple cultivars, characterized by 28 features and properties divided into three groups and defining the cultivar’s resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses, yield per plant, product quality, and suitability for mechanized harvesting, is presented in this paper. In the European part of Russia, the optimal parameters of a commercial apple tree cultivar are as follows: plant height on a medium-sized rootstock under 3 m; potential yield per plant of at least 25–50 kg; high fruit uniformity above 80%; winter and late-winter harvest maturity period; high storability of over 210 days and good transportability; average fruit mass from 120 g to 220 g; juicy and shattering crisp pulp; small seed cavity; fragrant fruits with taste rating of at least 4.5 points; appearance rating of 5 points and attractive, mostly red, glossy color with natural wax bloom; regular, symmetric, but diverse shapes; content of sugar above 10%, ascorbic acid above 15 mg/100 g, organic acids up to 1% (for dessert varieties); content of soluble dry solids of at least 20%. The cultivars that come closest to the regionally adapted model of an ideal variety based on the set of features discussed are as follows: Feya, Soyuz, Orfej, Margo, Sirius, Noktyurn, Vasilisa Karmen, Florina, Dayton, Early Mac, Gala and Gala Schniga in the North Caucasian District; Svezhest’, Orlovskoe Poles’e, Aprel’skoe, Ven’yaminovskoe, Bolotovskoe, Vympel, Uspenskoe, Fregat, Bylina, Flagman, and Akademik Kazakov in the North Caucasian District; and varieties Imrus, Mayak Zagor’ya, and Bolotovskoe in the Central District. These cultivars are characterized by high resistance against weather anomalies, scab immunity, high yields, marketable quality, and storability. In addition, in southern regions, a prolonged bloom period acts as a protective adaptive response to low-temperature stress.

Since 2008, at the demonstration site of the All-Russian Horticultural Institute for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery (ARHIBAN) studies have been carried out to identify sweet cherry scion/stock combinations having optimal productivity and durability. The planting scheme was 5×3 m. There were studied growth and productivity of 24 scion/stock combinations of trees. Studies included the most winter-hardy varieties and stocks, bred in a severe climate. It is established that the development, productivity and durability of grafted trees are influenced by the variety, shape of the stock and their interaction. Amplification of linear and radial growth on the plants is marked on stocks VZ-13, Moskovia and Colt, reduction of height on 20-40 % is marked on stock V-5-88, VSL-2 and Izmaylovskiy. Optimal scion/stock combinations with productivity of 15-22 kg per tree were revealed: Tyutchevka/Izmaylovskiy and Tyutchevka/AVCh-2; Fatezh/Izmaylovskiy and Fatezh/VZ13; Chervashnaya/Izmaylovskiy. Cultivation of them has provided an increase of productivity till 10-15 t/ha. In the process of research, on the complex of economic and valuable features, it was found that the Izmailovsky stock (ARHIBAN breeding) is the most promising and versatile stock for cherry cultivation in the Moscow region. As a result of biochemical researches in the laboratory of biochemistry and physiology of ARHIBAN it is established, that the stock influenced on synthesis of metabolites and leaf morphology. Antioxidant activity of leaves and accumulation of organic acids in leaves were higher at scion/ stock combinations of all sweet cherry varieties with use the stocks Moskovia, Izmaylovskiy, AVCh-2. Stably low parameters were observed in sweet cherry plants grafted on stocks V-5-88, Colt, VSL-2.

The influence of seedling and clonal rootstocks of different spreads on Prunus domestica L. plum fruits quality and productivity of Yaichnaya Sinyaya and Utro varieties was studied. The significant change of productivity and the fruit weight of the varieties under study was to determine under the influence of the rootstock. Depending on the scion-stock combination the plum tree's productivity varied from 7.5 kg/tr. (Utro/140-1) to 15.1 kg/tr. (Yаichnaya Sinyaya /Novinka) at the mean value of 11.5 kg/tr. Medium-growing rootstocks Novinka and OPA-15-2 provided the maximum value of the varieties productivity The significant productivity decrease relatively to seedling rootstock was stated for the combinations with low-growing rootstock 140-1. Soluble solids content in the fruits of Yаichnaya Sinyaya variety is higher than in the fruits of Utro variety, moreover, the highest values were determined on Novinka and OPA-15-2 rootstocks: on 4 – 4.5% higher in comparison with the fruits on the seeding rootstock at average. The rootstock causes less influence on titratable acids. The antioxidant activity of Yаichnaya Sinyaya variety fruits is 30% higher than that of Utro variety fruits on average. The maximum values of antioxidant activity in Yаichnaya Sinyaya variety fruits were fixed on OPA-15-2 rootstock (16.37%), the minimal ones – on Skorospelka Krasnaya rootstocks (14.68%). In the fruits of Utro variety the highest values were stated on OP-23-23 rootstock (13.16%), and the lowest ones – on the seedling rootstock (10.93%). The content of phenolic compounds sum is 60% higher in the fruits of Yаichnaya Sinyaya variety than in Utro variety ones on average. The decrease of the content of phenolic compounds sum was stated in the fruits of Utro variety on all the rootstocks in comparison with the combination Utro/seedling rootstock. The decreasing series of ash elements accumulation (K > P > Ca > Mg > Mo > S > Zn > Si) was determined. The strongest variety differences on total mineral element content were overvalued on medium-growing clonal rootstocks (Novinka, OP-23-23 and OPA-15-2). OPA-15-2 and OP-23-23 rootstocks provided the highest fruit quality on the combination of economic and biochemical parameters.