The article reviews issues associated with the use of electronic fire alarm systems (FAS). They are operated in various environments and buildings with varying volumes. FAS have to function properly under different operating conditions associated with their operation, as well as power supply and information inflow. Due to their functions, i.e., ensuring the safety of people, vehicles, logistics bases, airports, etc., FAS have to exhibit an appropriately organized reliability structure associated with their implementation and power supply. Operational studies involving FAS operated in various facilities were conducted to this end. The authors determined damage and recovery time intensities. FAS reliability indicators were also determined. The article presents graphs associated with developing the energy balance for selected FAS. The graphs are consistent with the latest and applicable legal regulations. The next stage of the work related to this article was developing an FAS operation process model and conducting computer simulations in order to determine reliability indicators. Such an approach to the FAS operation process enables a rational selection of technical and organizational solutions aimed at guaranteeing reliability in the course of executing operational tasks associated with ensuring fire safety. FAS operational analysis, developing balance graphs and models, as well as the computer simulation, enabled inferring conclusions that might be useful to the process of engineering and operating such systems.

The article reviews issues associated with the operation of stationary and non-stationary electronic fire alarm systems (FASs). These systems are employed for the fire protection of selected buildings (stationary) or to monitor vast areas, e.g., forests, airports, logistics hubs, etc. (non-stationary). An FAS is operated under various environmental conditions, indoor and outdoor, favourable or unfavourable to the operation process. Therefore, an FAS has to exhibit a reliable structure in terms of power supply and operation. To this end, the paper discusses a representative FAS monitoring a facility and presents basic tactical and technical assumptions for a non-stationary system. The authors reviewed fire detection methods in terms of fire characteristic values (FCVs) impacting detector sensors. Another part of the article focuses on false alarm causes. Assumptions behind the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with visible-range cameras (e.g., Aviotec) and thermal imaging were presented for non-stationary FASs. The FAS operation process model was defined and a computer simulation related to its operation was conducted. Analysing the FAS operation process in the form of models and graphs, and the conducted computer simulation enabled conclusions to be drawn. They may be applied for the design, ongoing maintenance and operation of an FAS. As part of the paper, the authors conducted a reliability analysis of a selected FAS based on the original performance tests of an actual system in operation. They formulated basic technical and tactical requirements applicable to stationary and mobile FASs detecting the so-called vast fires.

This paper presents an analysis of the impact of conducted and radiated electromagnetic interference affecting the electrical circuits of electronic security systems (ESS) operating over wide areas. The Earth’s electromagnetic environment is heavily distorted by intended and unintended (stationary or non-stationary) sources of radiation. The occurrence of electromagnetic interference in a given environment where an ESS is in use is the cause of damage or malfunction of the entire system or its individual components, e.g., detectors, modules, control panels, etc. In this article, the authors conducted an assessment of the electromagnetic environment where ESS are operated and conducted studies of selected sources of interference. For selected ESS structures, they developed models of the impact of conducted and radiated interference on the process of using these systems in a given environment. For selected technical structures of ESS, the authors of this article developed models of the operation process. They also carried out a computer simulation to determine the impact of natural and artificial electromagnetic interference occurring on the process of using these systems in a given environment over a wide area. The considerations carried out in this article are summarized in the conclusions chapter about the process of using ESS in a distorted electromagnetic environment.

This article presents selected issues related to the reliability of the power supply for electronic security systems (ESSs) used in smart buildings (SBs). ESSs operate in diverse environmental conditions and are responsible for the safety of lives, property and the natural environment of SB users. The operational tasks of ESSs in SBs require a continuous power supply from various sources, including renewable energy sources. The authors conducted an analysis of the power supply for selected ESSs used in SBs, which enabled the development of a power supply model. For the proposed model, the authors designed a proprietary graph of the ESS operational process, taking into account power supply implementation. Considering the operational indicators for the analysed ESSs, such as repair and failure rates, a computer simulation was performed. The simulation allowed the determination of the reliability of the ESS power supply within the considered redundancy configuration of additional energy sources, which can be utilised during the design phase. The reliability analysis of the power supply and the determination of rational parameters conducted in the article are crucial for achieving all the functionalities of ESSs in SBs, as envisioned during the design process. The article is divided into six chapters, structured to address the topics sequentially: an introduction to the state of the issue, a critical literature review, an analysis of the power supply for selected ESSs, implementation of renewable energy sources, the development of a proprietary model and operational graph, a computer simulation and conclusions.

The article presents research on combustion products using spectrophotometric analysis to identify burning materials based on the optical properties of smoke. Spectrophotometric measurements of the attenuating properties of smoke from different types of wood with varying moisture content were conducted. The proposed method may be integrated with fire alarm systems to support detection algorithms and improve early-stage fire identification.

The article focuses on a review and analysis of methods for reducing false alarms in video-based fire detection systems (VBFDS). The author of the article has designed a neural network and video-based flame detection algorithm to evaluate the effectiveness of methods found in the literature and other sources. The video-based flame detection algorithm was designed using a CIFAR-10-NET convolutional neural network. The D-Fire database, which contains 50000 fire images, was used to learn and test the algorithm. An error matrix was used to determine the effectiveness of the algorithm and methods to reduce the number of false alarms in video-based fire detection systems to determine parameters such as sensitivity (True Positive Rate, TPR), precision (Positive Predictive Value, PPV) and accuracy (ACC).