This paper proposes a new, metaheuristic optimization technique, Artificial Gorilla Troops Optimization (GTO), for a hybrid power system with photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy (WE) sources, solving the probabilistic optimum power flow (POPF) issue. First, the selected algorithm is developed and evaluated such that it applies to solve the classical optimum power flow (OPF) approach with the total fuel cost as the objective function. Second, the proposed algorithm is used for solving the POPF, including the PV and WE sources, considering the uncertainty of these renewable energy sources (RESs). The performance of the suggested algorithm was confirmed using the standard test systems IEEE 30-bus and 118-bus. Different scenarios involving different sets of the PV and WE sources and fixed and variable loads were considered in this study. The comparison of the obtained results from the suggested algorithm with other algorithms mentioned in this literature has confirmed the efficiency and performance of the proposed algorithm for providing optimal solutions for a hybrid power system. Furthermore, the results showed that the penetration of the PV and WE sources in the system significantly reduces the total cost of the system.

This article aimed to introduce a novel application of a hybrid particle swarm optimizer and gravitational search algorithm (HPSOGSA) that can be used for optimal control of offshore wind farms’ voltage source converter connected to HVDC transmission lines. Specifically, the algorithm was used to design fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller parameters designed to minimize the system’s objective function based on an integral squared error. The proposed FOPID controller was applied to improve offshore wind farm performance under different transient conditions, and its results were compared with a PI controller that was designed using a genetic algorithm and grey wolf optimization algorithm. The fault ride-through capabilities of the proposed control strategy were also evaluated. The findings suggest that the HPSOGSA-based FOPID controller outperformed the other two methods, significantly enhancing offshore wind farm operations. The control strategy was thoroughly tested using MATLAB/Simulink under various operating scenarios.

The theoretical possibilities of increasing the resolution and sensitivity of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer with orthogonal ion injection are considered. The effects are achieved by using inhomogeneous electrostatic fields of special configurations both in the accelerating and focusing parts of the device – a cylindrical immersion objective and a transaxial mirror, respectively. It is shown that the use of an inhomogeneous cylindrical field of a special configuration as an ion accelerator opens up the possibility of a multiple reduction in the energy spread of ions in injected ion packets, associated with the so-called "turnaround time" and, therefore, a significant (two or more times) increase in the limiting resolution of the mass spectrometer. The use of a transaxial electrostatic mirror as a time-of-flight mass analyzer makes it possible to significantly increase the sensitivity of the mass-spectrometer due to the implementation of triple space-time-of-flight focusing of ion packets. Key features include reduced ion energy spread, increased maximum resolution, and improved sensitivity due to triple focusing in space and time of flight. This research lays the foundation for expanding the capabilities of time-of-flight mass spectrometry, providing a more efficient and powerful tool for a wide range of scientific and industrial applications. The effects are achieved by using inhomogeneous electrostatic fields of a special configuration in both the accelerating and focusing parts of the device – a cylindrical immersion lens and a transaxial mirror, respectively. Numerical calculations of the system – a four-electrode cylindrical immersion lens in combination with a three-electrode transaxial mirror – are presented, which confirm the conclusions of the theory

The object of the study is a compact heptagonal broadband antenna specially designed for use in the 5G millimeter band using Koch fractals to improve performance. As a result of the study, the most important problem of achieving higher gain, improving bandwidth and reducing interference at higher frequencies, which is necessary for the effective functioning of 5G networks, was solved. As a result, the maximum realized gain of 5 dB was obtained at a frequency of 27.58 GHz with an impressive bandwidth in the range from 26.5 to 40 GHz. The use of Koch fractal geometry and defective ground planes significantly improves impedance matching and expands bandwidth, which explains the excellent antenna performance compared to traditional designs. The features and distinguishing features of the results obtained, thanks to which they allowed solving the problem under study, are its compact dimensions (only 9 mm by 9 mm) and the ability to maintain VSWR at a level of less than 2 in the entire frequency spectrum. These features make the antenna particularly suitable for millimeter-band integration and flexible applications such as portable devices and wearable home appliances. The field of practical application of the results includes integration into portable and wearable devices, improving the performance and connectivity of Internet of Things applications. The conditions of practical use require compliance with 5G network standards and compatibility with millimeter-wave technologies. This characterizes the antenna as a significant achievement in antenna technology, demonstrating its potential for widespread adoption in next-generation wireless communication systems and paving the way for more reliable and high-performance wireless networks

This research focuses on the development of a microstrip patch antenna (Ant8) for integration with Intelligent Reflective Surfaces (IRS), aiming to enhance wireless communication systems, especially in dynamic RF environments. The main problem addressed is the limited bandwidth and directional control in current compact antennas for IRS-assisted systems. To solve this, a novel dual-band antenna was proposed and optimized, incorporating vertical VIAs and Minkowski fractal slots to expand bandwidth and achieve circular polarization. Numerical simulations and experimental measurements confirmed stable operation in the 2.22–2.36 GHz and 2.88–3.81 GHz bands, with enhanced signal gain (up to 6.2 dBi), improved return loss, and narrow directional patterns. These results are explained by the antenna’s unique structural features: vertical VIAs induce a lower resonance, while fractal slots increase current path length without enlarging physical dimensions, enhancing bandwidth. Key distinguishing features – dual-band response, circular polarization, and compact design – allowed effective IRS integration, enabling dynamic beam steering and interference mitigation through phase control. The results are especially effective in multipath and shadowed environments, where signal reliability is critical. Practical applications include telemedicine (ensuring high-speed and stable data transfer), smart buildings (enhancing coverage and reducing interference), and autonomous transportation (reliable vehicle-infrastructure links). The antenna – IRS system is well-suited for mobile platforms, urban deployments, and IoT networks within emerging 5G and 6G infrastructures.

Here we show for the first time that, solution of pressing problems and further sustainable development of the grain economy is only possible with the necessary material and technical base, allowing the use of modern systems in the agro-industrial complex. The article considers the problems of deficiency of basic plant nutrient elements. On the basis of statistical data, descriptive analysis of the wheat production dynamics has been carried out, state of mineral fertilizers usage in the country is shown. The comparison of mineral fertilizers use in agriculture in Kazakhstan and other countries in the world has been made, from which it is determined that the domestic system of mineral fertilizers application ranks the last positions in the world and lags far behind the foreign countries. The statistical data demonstrate the low wheat yielding ability index, which is directly related to soil depletion. The statistical data coming from official sources and conducted field studies constitute the evidence basis. Purpose – to analyze the current state of mineral fertilizer use in Kazakhstan, justify the need for compulsory fertilizer dressing on all crop lands, elaborate recommendations for solving the existing problems. Methods – general scientific: 1) when analyzing statistical data, the expert evaluation method was used; 2) demonstration plots have been digitized, agrochemical soil analysis has been conducted, optimum rates of phosphorus and nitrogen content have been determined, wheat plantings in plots with different phosphorus and nitrogen content have been performed. Outcomes – problem of soil depletion has been represented, effect of different mineral fertilizers doses on the productivity of wheat has been established. Conclusion – implementation of precision agriculture technology systems is required, thereby the state needs to: 1) introduce a country-wide requirement for compulsory annual submission of agrochemical maps by agricultural producers, for the purpose of croplands status monitoring; 2) construction of new agrochemical laboratories and mineral fertilizer production facilities; 3) initiate the process for relevant personnel training.