The sanding process is important to the quality of wood products. Sanding reduces imperfections in wood surfaces and it is important to the final product and application of paints or varnishes. There are few studies about sanding in the literature and finding out the relationship between the input parameters (i.e., species of wood, grit size, abrasive) on the output parameters (i.e., roughness, force, pressure) will help to improve this process. This study analyzed the influence of input parameters as belt speed (cutting speed), grit size and pressure on the output parameters as surface roughness, cutting force (sanding force) and power consumption on cross-grain sanding of Eucalyptus grandis wood. The tests were performed with 3 types of grit sizes (80, 100 and 120 grit), 3 belt speeds (10, 11 and 12 m/s) and 2 pressures (219.89 and 283.44 g/cm²). The surface roughness was analyzed based on roughness average (Ra). Sanding efforts were analyzed by cutting force and power consumption. It was found that the 100 grit size provided the lowest cutting force. It was observed that the belt speed, pressure and grit size influenced the surface roughness, cutting force and power consumption. The best surface finishes were obtained in tests with higher pressure.

The present paper aims to evaluate the influence of the factors (belt speed, pressure and grit size) on the output parameters (temperature and surface roughness) for Pinus elliottii wood sanding, processed parallel to the fibers. Three levels of belt speed, three levels of pressure and four levels of grit size were employed, with six replicates for each process, totaling 216 observations. The experiment conducted under a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The results were analyzed employing the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with 5% of significance level. Only grit sizes were significant to different temperature levels. The same outcome was observed for roughness, where only grits sizes were significant. No interaction between the pressure and belt speed factors were observed for all the results analyzed.

The cladding process reduces manufacturing costs by depositing super austenitic stainless steel onto low-carbon steel. Arc welding techniques, especially gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), are commonly used for this purpose. This study evaluates the influence of heat input on cladding performance. Macroscopic analysis showed good fusion of the weld beads to the base metal with no defects. Higher heat input resulted in a lower dilution rate due to increased reinforcement. A microstructural analysis of the heat-affected zones revealed similar characteristics, with martensite formation attributed to cooling conditions. Increased microhardness was observed at the interface between the cladding and base metal, corroborating the microstructural findings. Additionally, a significant enhancement in corrosion resistance was noted in the deposited layers. This research contributes to optimizing cladding processes, ensuring better material performance in industrial applications.

Super-duplex stainless steel (SDSS) shows high mechanical and corrosion resistance because of the balanced structure of austenite and ferrite. However, maintaining this phase ratio after welding is a challenge. The use of austenite stabilizing components is recommended to balance the microstructure. The addition of alloying elements presents a challenge because of the characteristics of Nd:YAG pulsed laser welding. An approach, which has proven to be effective, is to use metal electroplating to prepare the surfaces of the mechanical SDSS components that will be welded, therefore promoting the phase balance in the fusion zone. While the effects of metals such as nickel as an austenite stabilizer are well recognized, cobalt’s effects require more research. The present work investigated the influence of the use of cobalt addition in the joining process by preliminary electroplating on UNS S32750 SDSS Nd: YAG pulsed laser welding, specifically regarding microstructure and microhardness. Three conditions were investigated, changing the thickness of the deposited cobalt layer. The addition of cobalt modified the morphology and increased the volume fraction of austenite. An austenite volume fraction of around 48% was obtained using a 35 μm thick cobalt coating. The microhardness was affected by austenite/ferrite proportions. The microhardness dropped from about 375 HV to 345 HV as the cobalt layer’s thickness rose, being similar to that of the base metal. The effect of cobalt as an austenite stabilizer was observed, and the cobalt electroplating technique was effective to correct the phase balance on UNS S32750 laser welding.

The present study investigates the effect of welding heat input on the corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel (DSS) overlays, with particular focus on applications in pressure vessels and clad plates. ER2209 filler metal was deposited onto SA-516 Gr. 70 carbon steel using GMAW, both manually and mechanized, with varying heat inputs. Microstructural characterization included ferrite-content measurement, macrographic analysis, and pitting-corrosion testing according to ASTM G48 Method A. The results indicate that increasing the heat input from 548 J mm⁻¹ to 2319 J mm⁻¹ significantly reduced the ferrite content from 49% to 25%, leading to a corresponding increase in weight loss from 0.55% to 2.5%. Mechanized welding exhibited better arc stability and more consistent phase distribution compared to the manual process. Although we did not detect brittle phases or intermetallic precipitates due to strict interpass temperature control, the microstructural imbalance induced by high-heat-input directly compromised the corrosion resistance. These findings advance understanding of the optimized welding parameters required to ensure the integrity of DSS coatings in aggressive environments.

Super duplex stainless steel has a microstructure consisting of equal proportions of austenite and ferrite. However, welding with Nd:YAG pulsed laser results in an imbalanced microstructure that compromises the steel’s properties. This paper studied the effects of preheating the base metal on pulsed Nd:YAG laser welding. Four conditions were evaluated (no preheating and heating at 100 °C, 200 °C, and 300 °C). The analysis included studying the microstructure, microhardness, and corrosion resistance. Preheating the base metals was found to be an effective method for increasing the volume fractions of austenite. The preheated samples showed an improvement in corrosion resistance compared to the untreated sample. The microhardness varied, with the ferrite amount being higher in the untreated sample.