Purpose: Resistance training is one of the key components influencing power output. Previous studies directed at power development through the use of postactivation potentiation have analyzed resistance exercises at volitional or fast tempo of movement in the entire cycle, without control of the duration of the concentric and eccentric phases of movement. To date, no scientific studies have explored the effects of varied movement tempo on the level of power output, velocity, and postactivation potentiation efficiency. Methods: During the experimental sessions, study participants performed 3 sets (Sets_1–3) of the bench-press exercise using 70% 1-repetition maximum and 2 different tempos of movement: 2/0/X/0 eccentric medium tempo (ECC_MED) and 6/0/X/0 eccentric slow tempo (ECC_SLO). Results: Post hoc analysis demonstrated significant differences in values of peak (P_PEAK) and mean (P_MEAN) power between Sets_1–3 measured for the ECC_MED (2/0/X/0) tempo. The values of P_MEAN in Set₃ (492.15 [87.61] W) were significantly higher than in Set₂ (480.05 [82.10] W) and Set₁ (467.65 [79.18] W). Similarly, the results of P_PEAK in Set₃ (713.10 [132.72] W) were significantly higher than those obtained in Set₂ (702.25 [129.5] W) and Set₁ (671.55 [115.79] W). For the ECC_SLO tempo (6/0/X/0) in Set₂ (587.9 [138.48] W), the results of P_PEAK were significantly higher than in Set₁ (565.7 [117.37] W) and Set₃ (563.1 [124.93] W). Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the postactivation potentiation effect is observed for both slow and medium tempos of movement.

(1) Background: The aim was to assess whether combined aerobic and resistance training performed under hypoxic and normoxic conditions had an impact on diabetes control, VO₂max (maximum oxygen consumption), and echocardiological and anthropometric parameters in men with long-term type 1 diabetes. (2) Methods: Sixteen male participants (mean age: 37 years, mean HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin): 7.0%) were randomly assigned to two groups: training in normoxic conditions or training in conditions of altitude hypoxia. All subjects participated in 60 min combined aerobic and resistance training sessions twice a week for 6 weeks. At baseline and in the 6th week, echocardiography, incremental exercise test, and anthropometric and diabetes control parameters were assessed. (3) Results: After 6 weeks, there was no significant change in HbA1c value in any group. We noted a more stable glycemia profile during training in the hypoxia group (p > 0.05). Patients in the hypoxia group required less carbohydrates during training than in the normoxia group. A comparable increase in VO₂max was observed in both groups (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in cardiological and anthropometric parameters. (4) Conclusions: Combined aerobic and resistance training improved VO₂max after 6 weeks regardless of the conditions of the experiments. This exercise is safe in terms of glycemic control in patients with well-controlled diabetes.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of a 6-week intervention of combined soccer training with resistance training on strength and power variables in highly trained female soccer players. It was hypothesized that 6 weeks is sufficient for a significant improvement in jumping ability and power to occur due to the intervention. The study involved 34 female soccer players of the top women’s league (22 ± 5 years old, body height 167 ± 5 cm, body weight 60 ± 8 kg). The players were divided into two groups of 17 participants. The control group performed 3 soccer and 1 strength training sessions (50–60% 1RM load) weekly. The experimental group performed 3 soccer and 2 resistance training sessions during a weekly micro-cycle (50–85% 1RM load). The results of the experiment indicate a significant improvement in vertical jump height and sitting leg press performance in the experimental group: CMJ (p < 0.05; p = 0.000029; ES:1.00;11%), CMJA (p < 0.05; p = 0.003; ES = 1.09;13%) and LP (p < 0.05; p = 0.027681; ES = 0.48;6%), while in the control group changes in results after completing the training program were statistically insignificant for CMJ (p > 0.05, p = 0.274000, ES:0.07,1%), CMJA (p > 0.05, p = 0.350958, ES = 0.27;3%) and LP (p > 0, 05; p = 0.130153; ES = 0.27;4%). The presented results suggest that a short, six-week resistance training program, specific soccer training and strength training carried out twice a week during the preparatory period may significantly improve the strength and jumping variables of the lower limbs in female soccer players.

Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a highly dynamic combat sport that requires precise motor coordination and technical execution. Video-based motion analysis, including two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) motion capture systems, plays a critical role in optimizing movement patterns, enhancing training efficiency, and reducing injury risk. However, the comparative validity of 2D and 3D systems for evaluating punching mechanics under external stressors remains unclear. This study aimed to first validate the measurement agreement between 2D and 3D motion analyses during sagittal-plane punches, and second, to examine the impact of fatigue and balance disruption on arm kinematics and punch dynamics in elite MMA athletes. Twenty-one male MMA fighters (mean age: 24.85 ± 7.24 years) performed standardized straight right punches (SRPs) and swing punches (SPs) under three experimental conditions: normal, balance-disrupted, and fatigued. Participants were instructed to deliver maximal-effort punches targeting a designated striking pad placed at a consistent height and distance. Each punch type was executed three times per condition. Kinematic data were collected using the my Dartfish Express(version 7.2.0) app (2D system) and MaxPRO infrared motion capture system (3D system). Statistical analyses included Pearson’s correlation coefficients, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and linear mixed models (LMMs). Strong correlations (r = 0.964–0.999) and high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values (0.81–0.99) confirmed the high reliability of 2D analysis for sagittal-plane techniques. Fatigue significantly decreased punch velocity and impact force (p < 0.01), while increasing joint angle variability (p < 0.01). These findings highlight the complementary use of 2D and 3D motion capture methods, supporting individualized monitoring, adaptive technique evaluation, and performance optimization in combat sports.

The research aimed to evaluate the modified model of wave periodization efficiency in running speed tests conducted among soccer players aged 12 to 16. Participants included prospective players of a leading Polish top league soccer club. The research was carried out from 2018 to 2022 in June (Testing A) and December (Testing B) of each year. The test involved 30-m straight line running with 5-, 10-, and 30-m split time measurements. For this purpose, electronic photocells were used (FITLIGHT, Canada). The six-month training intervention increased the athletes' speed as there was a considerable decrease in the running time over the distance of 5 m (F = 7.86; p < 0.001), 10 m (F = 73.99; p < 0.001) and 30 m (F = 127.55; p < 0.001). Analysis of running performance of young soccer players aged 12–16 showed a significant improvement in speed at distances of 5, 10 and 30 m, confirming training effectiveness based on the wave periodization model. The negative correlation between testing year and performance suggests the influence of biological development on players' speed. The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted training, which was reflected in reduced differences between test scores. Improving initial running technique can contribute to better match results, which emphasizes the need for an individual approach to the physical preparation of players.

This study examined the effects of a 10-week functional balance training program using unstable surfaces on dynamic postural control, lower-limb power, and technical shooting performance in adolescent male basketball players. Twenty-one participants were assigned to an experimental group (n = 11; age 16.14 ± 1.13 years) or a control group (n = 10; age 16.89 ± 1.34 years). Both groups trained three times per week over the intervention period. The experimental group completed additional neuromuscular exercises on unstable surfaces, while the control group performed traditional resistance-based routines. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included the Y-Balance Test (YBT), vertical jump height, and jump shooting accuracy (JSA). Statistically significant improvements in dynamic balance (p < 0.001, d = 1.84) and shooting efficiency (p < 0.001, d = 1.78) were observed in the experimental group. The control group also improved significantly in balance (p = 0.021, d = 0.87) and shooting accuracy (p = 0.014, d = 0.95), but to a lesser extent. Between-group comparisons demonstrated significant advantages for the experimental group in both the YBT (p = 0.007, d = 1.00) and JSA (p = 0.004, d = 1.07). No significant improvements were found in vertical jump performance in either group (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that incorporating functional balance training into basketball conditioning programs may enhance postural control and technical shooting execution, with a notable effect size, particularly in dynamic balance. The improvements in Y-Balance scores indicate enhanced sensorimotor control, although further research is needed to clarify the underlying neuromechanical mechanisms.