Vaccination is a groundbreaking approach in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. However, the effectiveness of vaccines can be greatly enhanced by the inclusion of adjuvants, which are substances that potentiate and modulate the immune response. This review is based on extensive searches in reputable databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The goal of this review is to provide a thorough analysis of the advances in the field of adjuvant research, to trace the evolution, and to understand the effects of the various adjuvants. Historically, alum was the pioneer in the field of adjuvants because it was the first to be approved for use in humans. It served as the foundation for subsequent research and innovation in the field. As science progressed, research shifted to identifying and exploiting the potential of newer adjuvants. One important area of interest is nano formulations. These advanced adjuvants have special properties that can be tailored to enhance the immune response to vaccines. The transition from traditional alum-based adjuvants to nano formulations is indicative of the dynamism and potential of vaccine research. Innovations in adjuvant research, particularly the development of nano formulations, are a promising step toward improving vaccine efficacy and safety. These advances have the potential to redefine the boundaries of vaccination and potentially expand the range of diseases that can be addressed with this approach. There is an optimistic view of the future in which improved vaccine formulations will contribute significantly to improving global health outcomes.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and microbiome have emerged in recent years as transformative fields with far-reaching implications for various biomedical domains. This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis examining the intersection of AI and the microbiome (AIM). The study aims to provide information on this interdisciplinary fields research landscape, trends, and emerging topics. Using a systematic approach, data-driven studies were extracted from the Scopus database on 23 November 2023 and analyzed using the VOSviewer and Bibliometrix applications. The regression coefficient of 0.94 and the yearly growth rate of 7.46% in AIM production indicate a consistent increase over time. Identification of essential contributors, organizations, and nations illuminated cooperative networks and research hotspots. The trend themes are the gut microbiome, disease prediction, machine learning, transfer learning, categorization, big data, artificial neural networks, chronic rhinosinusitis, epidemiology, COPD, and bronchoalveolar lavage. These hot issues in AIM reflect the present emphasis on research and developments in our knowledge of the microbiomes function in health, sickness, and individualized treatment. The findings give researchers, policymakers, and industry experts a thorough picture of the research environment and guide future paths in AIMs fascinating and promising subject.

Aim: To develop and characterize doxorubicin-loaded sodium selenite nanoparticles (SSNP-DOX) and their surface attachment with cetuximab (mAb-SSNP-DOX). Methods: SSNP-DOX was formulated by gelation and then conjugated with cetuximab to form mAb-SSNP-DOX. Characterization included DLS, SEM, TEM, DSC, Raman spectroscopy and XRD. In vitro, the kinetics of doxorubicin release and cytotoxicity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells were investigated. Results: The zeta potential for SSNP-DOX and mAb-SSNP-DOX was -14.4 +/- 10.1 mV and -27.5 +/- 7.28 mV, with particle sizes of 181.3 nm and 227.5 nm, respectively. The formulation intensity was 89.7% for SSNP-DOX and 100% for mAb-SSNP-DOX, with PDI values of 0.419 and 0.251, respectively. SEM and TEM showed that mAb-SSNP-DOX was smooth and spherical. The DSC analysis revealed exothermic peaks at 102.44 degrees C for SSNP-DOX and 144.21 degrees C for mAb-SSNP-DOX, along with endothermic peaks at 269.19 degrees C and 241.6 degrees C, respectively. Raman spectroscopy showed a higher intensity for mAb-SSNP-DOX. The XRD study showed different peaks for each formulation. Both followed zero order kinetics for doxorubicin release. Cytotoxicity studies showed significant effects and high apoptosis in MCF-7 cells for both formulations. Conclusion: The mAb-SSNP-DOX showed promising properties, more effective doxorubicin release and higher cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells compared with SSNP-DOX.

Background/objectives Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a serine protease primarily produced by neutrophils, playing a pivotal role in various physiological and pathological processes. This study aimed to provide insights into the research landscape surrounding NE and its implications in the post-COVID-19 era. Methods The current study employed a cross-sectional design based on bibliometric analysis. Articles were retrieved from the Scopus database and analyzed quantitatively using VOSviewer and Bibliometrix software to evaluate publication trends, authorship patterns, citation dynamics, and emerging research themes. Results The analysis highlighted countries and institutions significantly contributing to NE research, revealing global trends and hotspots. Collaboration patterns were assessed, showcasing productive partnerships within the field. Key research topics identified include NE’s roles in inflammation, tissue damage, and disease pathogenesis. The COVID-19 pandemic reshaped the thematic map of NE research, driving focus toward NE's involvement in COVID-19 pathophysiology, therapeutic interventions, and its role in complications associated with the disease. Conclusions This bibliometric analysis offers a comprehensive view of NE research, focusing on its functions, pathophysiological roles, and implications for diseases such as lung disorders and COVID-19, providing a foundation for future research directions.

The search for new treatments for Alzheimers disease (AD) has led to the exploration of plant-based drugs as potential options. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are widely used as anti-AD medications. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory mechanism of girinimbine, a constituent of Murraya koenigii, on AChE. AChE inhibition was assessed by in vitro experiments using the modified Ellman method, as well as in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. The results were compared to those of the well-known anti-AChE agents tacrine and propidium iodide. Girinimbine, propidium, and tacrine at concentrations of 3.8X10-5M, 1.1x10-5M, and 6.1x10-7M showed percentages of inhibition percentages of 35.6%, 28.2%, and 76.6%, respectively. The docking and molecular dynamics simulation analyses indicated that girinimbine exhibited a higher binding affinity to AChE compared to propidium and tacrine. This finding was further confirmed by the docking, root mean square deviation (RMSD), root mean square fluctuation (RMSF), and radius of rotation analyses. In conclusion, M. koenigii girinimbine shows promise as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for Alzheimers disease. Further research, including in vivo studies and clinical trials, is needed to explore its potential as a plant-based drug candidate for AD treatment.

Sleep deprivation research (SDR) has undergone substantial transformations in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. This comprehensive study explores the SDR’s evolving trends, hotspots, and conceptual structure in the post-COVID-19 era. Using bibliometric analysis with VOSviewer and Bibliometrix software, we examined the SDR publications from January 2020 to December 2023. Core sources were identified using Bradford law, and a dataset of 4578 English-based data-driven studies was retrieved from the Scopus database. Our analysis revealed a remarkable annual growth rate of 37.92% in SDR from 2020 to 2023, indicating a heightened research focus in this domain. Among prolific authors, Shao emerged as a key contributor, while Sleep ranked prominently as a leading publication venue. The United States and China have emerged as the most impactful countries for advancing SDR research. Uncovering the most cited documents sheds light on various focal points within SDR, including sleep duration, mental health implications, cardiovascular events, the impact of COVID-19 on sleep patterns, dementia, resilience in children, and sleep patterns among preschoolers. Noteworthy keywords that emerged from the analysis encompassed “sleep deprivation,” “depression,” “insomnia,” “COVID-19,” “anxiety,” “fatigue,” and “obesity.” Using a thematic mapping approach, we delineated distinct themes characterized by niche, basic, emerging, and declining patterns. Clusters of SDR research were observed in areas such as “Fatigue,” “Sleep apnea,” “Sleep,” “Sleep deprivation,” “Migraine,” “Caffeine,” and “Recovery.” Furthermore, trending themes in SDR encompassed “Sleep disturbance,” “excessive daytime sleepiness,” and “Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid.” These comprehensive findings provide valuable insights into the current landscape of SDR, illuminating emerging trends, identifying hotspots, and offering directions for future research in this critical field.