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Integration of a large number of renewable systems produces line congestions, resulting in a problem for distribution companies, since the lines are not capable of transporting all the energy that is generated. Both environmental and economic constraints do not allow the building new lines to manage the energy from renewable sources, so the efforts have to focus on the existing facilities. Dynamic Rating Management (DRM) of power lines is one of the best options to achieve an increase in the capacity of the lines. The practical application of DRM, based on standards IEEE (Std.738, 2012) and CIGRE TB601 (Technical Brochure 601, 2014) , allows to find several deficiencies related to errors in estimations. These errors encourage the design of a procedure to obtain high accuracy ampacity values. In the case of this paper, two methodologies have been tested to reduce estimation errors. Both methodologies use the variation of the weather inputs. It is demonstrated that a reduction of the conductor temperature calculation error has been achieved and, consequently, a reduction of ampacity error.
Raquel Martinez; Mario Manana; Alberto Arroyo; Sergio Bustamante; Alberto Laso; Pablo Castro; Rafael Minguez. Dynamic Rating Management of Overhead Transmission Lines Operating under Multiple Weather Conditions. Energies 2021, 14, 1136 .
AMA StyleRaquel Martinez, Mario Manana, Alberto Arroyo, Sergio Bustamante, Alberto Laso, Pablo Castro, Rafael Minguez. Dynamic Rating Management of Overhead Transmission Lines Operating under Multiple Weather Conditions. Energies. 2021; 14 (4):1136.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaquel Martinez; Mario Manana; Alberto Arroyo; Sergio Bustamante; Alberto Laso; Pablo Castro; Rafael Minguez. 2021. "Dynamic Rating Management of Overhead Transmission Lines Operating under Multiple Weather Conditions." Energies 14, no. 4: 1136.
Power transformers are considered to be the most important assets in power substations. Thus, their maintenance is important to ensure the reliability of the power transmission and distribution system. One of the most commonly used methods for managing the maintenance and establishing the health status of power transformers is dissolved gas analysis (DGA). The presence of acetylene in the DGA results may indicate arcing or high-temperature thermal faults in the transformer. In old transformers with an on-load tap-changer (OLTC), oil or gases can be filtered from the OLTC compartment to the transformer’s main tank. This paper presents a method for determining the transformer oil contamination from the OLTC gases in a group of power transformers for a distribution system operator (DSO) based on the application of the guides and the knowledge of experts. As a result, twenty-six out of the 175 transformers studied are defined as contaminated from the OLTC gases. In addition, this paper presents a methodology based on machine learning techniques that allows the system to determine the transformer oil contamination from the DGA results. The trained model achieves an accuracy of 99.76% in identifying oil contamination.
Sergio Bustamante; Mario Manana; Alberto Arroyo; Alberto Laso; Raquel Martinez. Determination of Transformer Oil Contamination from the OLTC Gases in the Power Transformers of a Distribution System Operator. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 8897 .
AMA StyleSergio Bustamante, Mario Manana, Alberto Arroyo, Alberto Laso, Raquel Martinez. Determination of Transformer Oil Contamination from the OLTC Gases in the Power Transformers of a Distribution System Operator. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (24):8897.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSergio Bustamante; Mario Manana; Alberto Arroyo; Alberto Laso; Raquel Martinez. 2020. "Determination of Transformer Oil Contamination from the OLTC Gases in the Power Transformers of a Distribution System Operator." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24: 8897.
Efficiency in power lines operation is becoming more crucial as the electrification increases and more renewable energies are connected into the grid. New methods and sensors are being added to create smart grids to face these challenges and conductor temperature sensors are one of them. Contact temperature sensors have several problems regarding safety and electronic damage due to the electromagnetic fields induced on the conductors. The goal of this paper is to describe an infrared temperature measurement sensor and to compare contact and non-contact temperature measurements to estimate the temperature of power lines. Measurements were done for almost a year, storing around 150,000 measures of contact and infrared thermometers for many different weather and load conditions. The results conclude that the infrared system can be successfully used to control the temperature of the overhead conductor within a range of less than 4 ∘C difference with respect to contact temperature methods for the 88% of the samples and less than 6 ∘C for the 99%.
Pablo Castro; Ramón Lecuna; Mario Manana; Maria Jose Martin; Dolores Del Campo. Infrared Temperature Measurement Sensors of Overhead Power Conductors. Sensors 2020, 20, 7126 .
AMA StylePablo Castro, Ramón Lecuna, Mario Manana, Maria Jose Martin, Dolores Del Campo. Infrared Temperature Measurement Sensors of Overhead Power Conductors. Sensors. 2020; 20 (24):7126.
Chicago/Turabian StylePablo Castro; Ramón Lecuna; Mario Manana; Maria Jose Martin; Dolores Del Campo. 2020. "Infrared Temperature Measurement Sensors of Overhead Power Conductors." Sensors 20, no. 24: 7126.
Predictive maintenance strategies in power transformers aim to assess the risk through the calculation and monitoring of the health index of the power transformers. The parameter most used in predictive maintenance and to calculate the health index of power transformers is the dissolved gas analysis (DGA). The current tendency is the use of online DGA monitoring equipment while continuing to perform analyses in the laboratory. Although the DGA is well known, there is a lack of published experimental data beyond that in the guides. This study used the nearest-rank method for obtaining the typical gas concentration values and the typical rates of gas increase from a transformer population to establish the optimal sampling interval and alarm thresholds of the continuous monitoring devices for each power transformer. The percentiles calculated by the nearest-rank method were within the ranges of the percentiles obtained using the R software, so this simple method was validated for this study. The results obtained show that the calculated concentration limits are within the range of or very close to those proposed in IEEE C57.104-2019 and IEC 60599:2015. The sampling intervals calculated for each transformer were not correct in all cases since the trend of the historical DGA samples modified the severity of the calculated intervals.
Sergio Bustamante; Mario Manana; Alberto Arroyo; Raquel Martinez; Alberto Laso. A Methodology for the Calculation of Typical Gas Concentration Values and Sampling Intervals in the Power Transformers of a Distribution System Operator. Energies 2020, 13, 5891 .
AMA StyleSergio Bustamante, Mario Manana, Alberto Arroyo, Raquel Martinez, Alberto Laso. A Methodology for the Calculation of Typical Gas Concentration Values and Sampling Intervals in the Power Transformers of a Distribution System Operator. Energies. 2020; 13 (22):5891.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSergio Bustamante; Mario Manana; Alberto Arroyo; Raquel Martinez; Alberto Laso. 2020. "A Methodology for the Calculation of Typical Gas Concentration Values and Sampling Intervals in the Power Transformers of a Distribution System Operator." Energies 13, no. 22: 5891.
This paper presents the most representative solutions used in the detection of unintentional electric islands in electrical distribution grid. In addition, it analyzes the adoption of these methods by equipment manufacturers, both in distributed resources based on power inverters and in protections and systems for monitoring the state of the grid. This work also compares the applicable regulations in some European countries. Keywords: Anti-islanding, unintentional electric island, electrical distribution grids, detection methods, inverters.
Paula Lamo Anuarbe; Gustavo Ruiz Robredo; Mario Mañana Canteli; Francisco Javier Azcondo Sánchez; Alberto Pigazo Lopez. ANTI-ISLANDING SOLUTIONS IN LOW AND MEDIUM VOLTAGE. DYNA 2020, 95, 583 -586.
AMA StylePaula Lamo Anuarbe, Gustavo Ruiz Robredo, Mario Mañana Canteli, Francisco Javier Azcondo Sánchez, Alberto Pigazo Lopez. ANTI-ISLANDING SOLUTIONS IN LOW AND MEDIUM VOLTAGE. DYNA. 2020; 95 (1):583-586.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaula Lamo Anuarbe; Gustavo Ruiz Robredo; Mario Mañana Canteli; Francisco Javier Azcondo Sánchez; Alberto Pigazo Lopez. 2020. "ANTI-ISLANDING SOLUTIONS IN LOW AND MEDIUM VOLTAGE." DYNA 95, no. 1: 583-586.
Recent studies have identified that buildings all over the world are great contributors to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The relationship between the building industry and environmental pollution is continuously discussed. The building industry includes many phases: extraction of raw materials, manufacturing, construction, use, and demolition. Each phase consumes a large amount of energy, and subsequent emissions are released. The life cycle energy assessment (LCEA) is a simplified version of the life cycle assessment (LCA) that focuses only on the evaluation of energy inputs for different phases of the life cycle. Operational energy is the energy required for day-to-day operation processes of buildings, such as heating, cooling and ventilation systems, lighting, as well as appliances. This use phase accounts for the largest portion of energy consumption of the life cycle of conventional buildings. In addition, energy performance certification of buildings is an obligation under current European legislation, which promotes efficient energy use, so it is necessary to ensure that the energy performance of the building is upgraded to meet minimum requirements. For this purpose, this work proposes the consideration of the energy impacts and material resources used in the operation phase of a building to calculate the contribution of these energy impacts as new variables for the energy performance certification. The application of this new approach to the evaluation of university buildings has been selected as a case study. From a methodological point of view, the approach relied on the energy consumption records obtained from energy and materials audit exercises with the aid of LCA databases. Taking into practice the proposed methodology, the primary energy impact and the related emissions were assessed to simplify the decision-making process for the energy certification of buildings. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the consumption of water and other consumable items (paper) are important from energy and environmental perspectives.
Ricardo Abejón; Jara Laso; Marta Rodrigo; Israel Ruiz-Salmón; Mario Mañana; María Margallo; Rubén Aldaco. Toward Energy Savings in Campus Buildings under a Life Cycle Thinking Approach. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 7123 .
AMA StyleRicardo Abejón, Jara Laso, Marta Rodrigo, Israel Ruiz-Salmón, Mario Mañana, María Margallo, Rubén Aldaco. Toward Energy Savings in Campus Buildings under a Life Cycle Thinking Approach. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (20):7123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRicardo Abejón; Jara Laso; Marta Rodrigo; Israel Ruiz-Salmón; Mario Mañana; María Margallo; Rubén Aldaco. 2020. "Toward Energy Savings in Campus Buildings under a Life Cycle Thinking Approach." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20: 7123.
An electric arc-furnace is a complex industry which demands high levels of electrical energy in order to heat iron materials and other additives needed for the production of cast iron and/or steelmaking. The cost of the electrical energy demanded by the factory during the production can be greater than 20% of the overall cost. This kind of arc-furnace allows the production of steel with levels of scrap metal feedstock up to 100%. From an electrical point of view, the factory size in terms of its maximum apparent power demanded from the grid is designed to make use of the static capacity of the transmission line that supplies the energy. In that case, it is not possible to increase the power of the factory above the static rating by adding new facilites without installing new transmission infrastructures. This paper presents a methodology that allows an increase in net power of an arc-furnace factory without installing new transmission lines. The novelty of the proposed solution is based on a mix strategy that combines Demand-Side Management (DSM) methodologies and the use of ampacity techniques according IEEE 738 and CIGRE TB601. The application of DSM methodologies provides an improvement in the sustainability of not only the industrial customer but also in the overall grid. As a secondary effect, it reduces operational costs and the greenhouse gas emissions. The proposed methodology has been tested in an arc-furnace factory located in the North of Spain.
M. Manana; A.F. Zobaa; A. Vaccaro; A. Arroyo; R. Martinez; P. Castro; A. Laso; S. Bustamante. Increase of capacity in electric arc-furnace steel mill factories by means of a demand-side management strategy and ampacity techniques. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 2020, 124, 106337 .
AMA StyleM. Manana, A.F. Zobaa, A. Vaccaro, A. Arroyo, R. Martinez, P. Castro, A. Laso, S. Bustamante. Increase of capacity in electric arc-furnace steel mill factories by means of a demand-side management strategy and ampacity techniques. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2020; 124 ():106337.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Manana; A.F. Zobaa; A. Vaccaro; A. Arroyo; R. Martinez; P. Castro; A. Laso; S. Bustamante. 2020. "Increase of capacity in electric arc-furnace steel mill factories by means of a demand-side management strategy and ampacity techniques." International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 124, no. : 106337.
The increase in energy efficiency of power systems and the development of smart grids are strongly based on new and more accurate ways of monitoring. In overhead power line systems, the focus is on monitoring weather conditions and the main line parameters, such as the current and temperature of the conductor. Current and temperature are linked by the Joule heating effect and ampacity, which is the maximum amount of electrical current a conductor can continuously carry before sustaining deterioration given the dynamic environmental conditions. Conductor temperature is also related to another critical parameter for overhead power lines: their maximum allowable sag. These two parameters, ampacity and sag, give an idea of the importance of conductor temperature dynamic monitoring. There are several contact temperature methods on the market; however, they are expensive and challenging to implement owing to the complexity of electronic devices working in a high voltage environment related to the maintenance and life span of the instrumentation. This paper presents a novel method to estimate the temperature of overhead power lines using a non-contact infrared system. From the comparison between contact and non-contact temperature measurement methods a correction function was obtained to infer the temperature of the conductor from the infrared measurements. This option has several advantages in comparison with the current methods as it is a cheap and passive system that foregoes the need to attach electronic components to the power line, thus simplifying the maintenance and improving the safety of the operations.
Ramón Lecuna; Pablo Castro; Mario Manana; Alberto Laso; Rodrigo Domingo; Alberto Arroyo; Raquel Martinez. Non-contact temperature measurement method for dynamic rating of overhead power lines. Electric Power Systems Research 2020, 185, 106392 .
AMA StyleRamón Lecuna, Pablo Castro, Mario Manana, Alberto Laso, Rodrigo Domingo, Alberto Arroyo, Raquel Martinez. Non-contact temperature measurement method for dynamic rating of overhead power lines. Electric Power Systems Research. 2020; 185 ():106392.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRamón Lecuna; Pablo Castro; Mario Manana; Alberto Laso; Rodrigo Domingo; Alberto Arroyo; Raquel Martinez. 2020. "Non-contact temperature measurement method for dynamic rating of overhead power lines." Electric Power Systems Research 185, no. : 106392.
The increasing penetration of variable distributed generation causes the transmission lines to operate closer to their design thermal limits. In this context, Dynamic Thermal Rating is a very promising technique, since it permits a better exploitation of the real capability margins of the infrastructures and eliminate network congestions. In this vein, the paper proposes a novel control strategy that allows maintaining the conductor temperature of a given line within its thermal limit through the real-time curtailment of distributed energy resources in the network. The impact of weather volatility and measurement uncertainty on the dynamic response of the controller is evaluated. A comprehensive case study, based on a real-world Italian sub-transmission system and measurement data serve to illustrate the dynamic behavior of the proposed controller. The effect of measurement noise and delays is also discussed. Finally, the performance of the proposed control strategy is compared with a conventional robust optimal power flow approach.
Guido Coletta; Alberto Laso; Guorun Margret Jonsdottir; Mario Manana; Domenico Villacci; Alfredo Vaccaro; Federico Milano. On-Line Control of DERs to Enhance the Dynamic Thermal Rating of Transmission Lines. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 2020, 11, 2836 -2844.
AMA StyleGuido Coletta, Alberto Laso, Guorun Margret Jonsdottir, Mario Manana, Domenico Villacci, Alfredo Vaccaro, Federico Milano. On-Line Control of DERs to Enhance the Dynamic Thermal Rating of Transmission Lines. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2020; 11 (4):2836-2844.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuido Coletta; Alberto Laso; Guorun Margret Jonsdottir; Mario Manana; Domenico Villacci; Alfredo Vaccaro; Federico Milano. 2020. "On-Line Control of DERs to Enhance the Dynamic Thermal Rating of Transmission Lines." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 11, no. 4: 2836-2844.
Power transformers are the most important assets of electric power substations. The reliability in the operation of electric power transmission and distribution is due to the correct operation and maintenance of power transformers. The parameters that are most used to assess the health status of power transformers are dissolved gas analysis (DGA), oil quality analysis (OQA) and content of furfuraldehydes (FFA) in oil. The parameter that currently allows for simple online monitoring in an energized transformer is the DGA. Although most of the DGA continues to be done in the laboratory, the trend is online DGA monitoring, since it allows for detection or diagnosis of the faults throughout the life of the power transformers. This study presents a review of the main DGA monitors, single- or multi-gas, their most important specifications, accuracy, repeatability and measurement range, the types of installation, valve or closed loop, and number of analogue inputs and outputs. This review shows the differences between the main existing DGA monitors and aims to help in the selection of the most suitable DGA monitoring approach according to the needs of each case.
Sergio Bustamante; Mario Manana; Alberto Arroyo; Pablo Castro; Alberto Laso; Raquel Martinez. Dissolved Gas Analysis Equipment for Online Monitoring of Transformer Oil: A Review. Sensors 2019, 19, 4057 .
AMA StyleSergio Bustamante, Mario Manana, Alberto Arroyo, Pablo Castro, Alberto Laso, Raquel Martinez. Dissolved Gas Analysis Equipment for Online Monitoring of Transformer Oil: A Review. Sensors. 2019; 19 (19):4057.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSergio Bustamante; Mario Manana; Alberto Arroyo; Pablo Castro; Alberto Laso; Raquel Martinez. 2019. "Dissolved Gas Analysis Equipment for Online Monitoring of Transformer Oil: A Review." Sensors 19, no. 19: 4057.
Traditional energy systems were planned and operated independently, but the diffusion of distributed and renewable energy systems led to the development of new modeling concepts, such as the energy hub. The energy hub is an integrated paradigm, based on the challenging idea of multi-carrier energy systems, in which multiple inputs are conditioned, converted and stored in order to satisfy different types of energy demand. To solve the energy hub optimal scheduling problem, uncertainty sources, such as renewable energy production, price volatility and load demand, must be properly considered. This paper proposes a novel methodology, based on extended Affine Arithmetic, which enables the solving of the optimal scheduling problem in the presence of multiple and heterogeneous uncertainty sources. Realistic case studies are presented and discussed in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Antonio Pepiciello; Alfredo Vaccaro; Mario Mañana. Robust Optimization of Energy Hubs Operation Based on Extended Affine Arithmetic. Energies 2019, 12, 2420 .
AMA StyleAntonio Pepiciello, Alfredo Vaccaro, Mario Mañana. Robust Optimization of Energy Hubs Operation Based on Extended Affine Arithmetic. Energies. 2019; 12 (12):2420.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Pepiciello; Alfredo Vaccaro; Mario Mañana. 2019. "Robust Optimization of Energy Hubs Operation Based on Extended Affine Arithmetic." Energies 12, no. 12: 2420.
The increase of global energy demand and new ways of electricity production are two of the main challenges for the power sector. The electric market has to address the addition of new and renewable sources of energy to the energy mix and to be able to integrate them into the grid, while maintaining the principles of robustness, security and reliability [1]. All of these changes point to the creation of smart grids, in which advanced generation, information and communication technologies are needed. An accurate knowledge of the electric grid state is crucial for operating the line as efficiently as possible and one of the most important grid parameters to be measured and controlled is the temperature of the overhead conductors due to their relation with the maximum allowable sag of the line and its thermal limit (annealing). This paper presents the results of real-time monitoring of an overhead power line using a distributed temperature sensing system (DTS) and compares these results with spot temperature measurements in order to estimate the loss of accuracy of having less thermal information. This comparison has been carried out in a 30 km long distributed temperature sensing system with fiber optic inside a LA-455 conductor and 6 weather stations placed along the line. An area of influence is defined for each weather station corresponding to the orography of the surroundings. The spot temperatures are obtained from the DTS in the nearest point from the weather stations assuming these six locations to be the ones where the spot temperature measurement equipment would be located. The main conclusion is that, in the case of study, spot measurements are enough to obtain a good approximation of the average temperature of the line conductor.
R. Martínez; A. Useros; P. Castro; A. Arroyo; M. Manana. Distributed vs. spot temperature measurements in dynamic rating of overhead power lines. Electric Power Systems Research 2019, 170, 273 -276.
AMA StyleR. Martínez, A. Useros, P. Castro, A. Arroyo, M. Manana. Distributed vs. spot temperature measurements in dynamic rating of overhead power lines. Electric Power Systems Research. 2019; 170 ():273-276.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Martínez; A. Useros; P. Castro; A. Arroyo; M. Manana. 2019. "Distributed vs. spot temperature measurements in dynamic rating of overhead power lines." Electric Power Systems Research 170, no. : 273-276.
The occurrence of ferroresonances, due to the presence of voltage transformers in isolated-neutral in medium-voltage (MV) distribution grids, results in overvoltages and overcurrents that may damage the connected equipment. To prevent this phenomenon, the protection windings of the MV transformers have to be properly loaded for damping purposes. Mitigation equipment based on resistors, passive/active circuits and static converters have been proposed in the literature. This study proposes a new variety of mitigation equipment based on very simple power electronic converters operated as configurable resistor emulators. The proposed approach is evaluated theoretically and validated experimentally. A resistor emulator proof of concept is designed and applied for damping ferroresonances due to the occurrence of line-to-ground faults in isolated-neutral MV distribution power systems.
Eduardo Bayona; Francisco Azcondo; Christian Brañas; Javier Diaz; Raquel Martínez; Mario Manana; Rafael Mínguez; Jose Ivan Rodríguez; Alberto Pigazo. Electronic resistor emulators for ferroresonance damping in MV transformers. IET Renewable Power Generation 2018, 13, 201 -208.
AMA StyleEduardo Bayona, Francisco Azcondo, Christian Brañas, Javier Diaz, Raquel Martínez, Mario Manana, Rafael Mínguez, Jose Ivan Rodríguez, Alberto Pigazo. Electronic resistor emulators for ferroresonance damping in MV transformers. IET Renewable Power Generation. 2018; 13 (1):201-208.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEduardo Bayona; Francisco Azcondo; Christian Brañas; Javier Diaz; Raquel Martínez; Mario Manana; Rafael Mínguez; Jose Ivan Rodríguez; Alberto Pigazo. 2018. "Electronic resistor emulators for ferroresonance damping in MV transformers." IET Renewable Power Generation 13, no. 1: 201-208.
Power quality events associated with the occurrence of ferroresonances in medium voltage (MV) isolated-neutral distribution power systems are well known but they still happen in nowadays grids. This work deals with the study of ferroresonance events in a distribution grid region characterised by having distributed generators and being lightly loaded. The study shows that well-known solutions, i.e. voltage transformer damping, are difficult to apply due to the legal considerations and, alternatively, the distribution system operator can take actions to minimise their effect on the distribution system. The data provided and the obtained results correspond to a three-year measurement campaign at a real MV isolated-neutral distribution power system. The measurements and analysis given allow reaching general conclusions about the distribution system operation oriented to minimise the effect of ferroresonances.
Raquel Martínez; Mario Manana; Jose Ivan Rodríguez; Marcos Álvarez; Rafael Mínguez; Alberto Arroyo; Eduardo Bayona; Francisco Azcondo; Alberto Pigazo; Francisco Cuartas. Ferroresonance phenomena in medium‐voltage isolated neutral grids: a case study. IET Renewable Power Generation 2018, 13, 209 -214.
AMA StyleRaquel Martínez, Mario Manana, Jose Ivan Rodríguez, Marcos Álvarez, Rafael Mínguez, Alberto Arroyo, Eduardo Bayona, Francisco Azcondo, Alberto Pigazo, Francisco Cuartas. Ferroresonance phenomena in medium‐voltage isolated neutral grids: a case study. IET Renewable Power Generation. 2018; 13 (1):209-214.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaquel Martínez; Mario Manana; Jose Ivan Rodríguez; Marcos Álvarez; Rafael Mínguez; Alberto Arroyo; Eduardo Bayona; Francisco Azcondo; Alberto Pigazo; Francisco Cuartas. 2018. "Ferroresonance phenomena in medium‐voltage isolated neutral grids: a case study." IET Renewable Power Generation 13, no. 1: 209-214.
The maximum current that an overhead transmission line can continuously carry depends on external weather conditions, most commonly obtained from real-time streaming weather sensors. The accuracy of the sensor data is very important in order to avoid problems such as overheating. Furthermore, faulty sensor readings may cause operators to limit or even stop the energy production from renewable sources in radial networks. This paper presents a method for detecting and replacing sequences of consecutive faulty data originating from streaming weather sensors. The method is based on a combination of (a) a set of constraints obtained from derivatives in consecutive data, and (b) association rules that are automatically generated from historical data. In smart grids, a large amount of historical data from different weather stations are available but rarely used. In this work, we show that mining and analyzing this historical data provides valuable information that can be used for detecting and replacing faulty sensor readings. We compare the result of the proposed method against the exponentially weighted moving average and vector autoregression models. Experiments on data sets with real and synthetic errors demonstrate the good performance of the proposed method for monitoring weather sensors.
Hassan M. Nemati; A. Laso; M. Manana; Anita Sant'anna; Sławomir Nowaczyk. Stream Data Cleaning for Dynamic Line Rating Application. Energies 2018, 11, 2007 .
AMA StyleHassan M. Nemati, A. Laso, M. Manana, Anita Sant'anna, Sławomir Nowaczyk. Stream Data Cleaning for Dynamic Line Rating Application. Energies. 2018; 11 (8):2007.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassan M. Nemati; A. Laso; M. Manana; Anita Sant'anna; Sławomir Nowaczyk. 2018. "Stream Data Cleaning for Dynamic Line Rating Application." Energies 11, no. 8: 2007.
A widely configurable and scalable resistor emulator actively mitigates the ferroresonance phenomenon. This paper proposes a new variety of mitigation equipment based on power electronic converters operated as resistor emulators. The presence of a ferroresonance activates a flyback converter operating in the critical conduction mode (CrCM) with no specific output voltage control. The severity of the resonance configures the emulated resistance value. Results show a fast and effective response of the proposed device in comparison with the state-of-the-art solutions.
Eduardo Bayona; Francisco J. Azcondo; Alberto Pigazo; Christian Branas; F. Javier Diaz; Raquel Martinez; Mario Manana; Rafael Minguez; J. Ivin Rodriguez. Ferroresonance Mitigation Device in Voltage Transformers with a Flyback based Resistor Emulator. 2018 IEEE 19th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL) 2018, 1 -5.
AMA StyleEduardo Bayona, Francisco J. Azcondo, Alberto Pigazo, Christian Branas, F. Javier Diaz, Raquel Martinez, Mario Manana, Rafael Minguez, J. Ivin Rodriguez. Ferroresonance Mitigation Device in Voltage Transformers with a Flyback based Resistor Emulator. 2018 IEEE 19th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL). 2018; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEduardo Bayona; Francisco J. Azcondo; Alberto Pigazo; Christian Branas; F. Javier Diaz; Raquel Martinez; Mario Manana; Rafael Minguez; J. Ivin Rodriguez. 2018. "Ferroresonance Mitigation Device in Voltage Transformers with a Flyback based Resistor Emulator." 2018 IEEE 19th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL) , no. : 1-5.
A. Arroyo; P. Castro; Mario Mañana; R. Domingo; A. Laso. CO2 footprint reduction and efficiency increase using the dynamic rate in overhead power lines connected to wind farms. Applied Thermal Engineering 2018, 130, 1156 -1162.
AMA StyleA. Arroyo, P. Castro, Mario Mañana, R. Domingo, A. Laso. CO2 footprint reduction and efficiency increase using the dynamic rate in overhead power lines connected to wind farms. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2018; 130 ():1156-1162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Arroyo; P. Castro; Mario Mañana; R. Domingo; A. Laso. 2018. "CO2 footprint reduction and efficiency increase using the dynamic rate in overhead power lines connected to wind farms." Applied Thermal Engineering 130, no. : 1156-1162.
The European Commission has explained how heating and cooling in buildings and industry account for half of the energy consumption of the EU. Several studies explain how to achieve an energy saving at home, and the use of smart thermostats will help to reduce energy consumption while increasing the efficiency of households. In this article, a comparative evaluation was carried out between four smart thermostats that are now on the market, whose characteristics vary in terms of price, precision of measurements and set temperature, algorithms, etc. A thermal test chamber was designed and constructed from a refrigerator, a thermal blanket, a Raspberry Pi and the necessary electronic components for its control and data collection. From the tests carried out in the thermal chamber, data on the operation of the four thermostats such as the maintenance and the anticipation of the setpoint temperature, were obtained. It was necessary to run the system enough times for each thermostat to memorize the housing characteristics, such as its inertia and its thermal insulation. This would also allow for the generation of a better algorithm to regulate the temperature, which would create a lower oscillation with respect to the setpoint temperature. The learning of the thermostats was not demonstrated and for the anticipation mode it was seen that the thermostats failed to improve or learn in this aspect, as they did not improve the start-up times of the heating system, with the consequent increase in energy consumption.
Sergio Bustamante; Pablo Castro; Alberto Laso; Mario Manana; Alberto Arroyo. Smart Thermostats: An Experimental Facility to Test Their Capabilities and Savings Potential. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1462 .
AMA StyleSergio Bustamante, Pablo Castro, Alberto Laso, Mario Manana, Alberto Arroyo. Smart Thermostats: An Experimental Facility to Test Their Capabilities and Savings Potential. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (8):1462.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSergio Bustamante; Pablo Castro; Alberto Laso; Mario Manana; Alberto Arroyo. 2017. "Smart Thermostats: An Experimental Facility to Test Their Capabilities and Savings Potential." Sustainability 9, no. 8: 1462.
Airports in general have high-energy consumption. Influenced by many factors, the characteristics of airport energy consumption are stochastic, nonlinear and dynamic. In recent years, airport managers have made huge efforts to harmonize airport operation with environmental sustainability by minimizing the environmental impact, with energy conservation and energy efficiency as one of their pillars. A key factor in order to reduce energy consumption at airports is to understand the energy use and consumption behavior, due to the multiple parameters and singularities that are involved. In this article, a 3-step methodology based on monitoring methods is proposed to characterize and analyze energy demand patterns in airports through their electric load profiles, and is applied to the Seve Ballesteros-Santander Airport (Santander, Spain). This methodology can be also used in airports in order to determine the way energy is used, to establish the classification of the electrical charges based on their operation way as well as to determine the main energy consumers and main external influencers. Results show that airport present a daily energy demand pattern since electric load profiles follow a similar curve shape for every day of the year, having a great dependence of the terminal building behavior, the main energy consumer of the airport, and with heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting being the most energy-intensive facilities, and outside temperature and daylighting the main external influencers.
Sergio Ortega Alba; Mario Manana. Characterization and Analysis of Energy Demand Patterns in Airports. Energies 2017, 10, 119 .
AMA StyleSergio Ortega Alba, Mario Manana. Characterization and Analysis of Energy Demand Patterns in Airports. Energies. 2017; 10 (1):119.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSergio Ortega Alba; Mario Manana. 2017. "Characterization and Analysis of Energy Demand Patterns in Airports." Energies 10, no. 1: 119.
Electricity generation is changing as new, renewable and smaller generation facilities are created, and classic topologies have to accommodate this distributed generation. These changes lead to the creation of smart grids in which advanced generation, information and communication technologies are needed.\ud \ud Information metering is important, and one of the most important grid parameters to be measured and controlled is the temperature of overhead conductors due to their relation to the maximum allowable sag of the line.\ud \ud The temperature and current of an overhead conductor and the weather conditions surrounding the cable are measured every 8 min for more than a year. With these data, the accuracies of the different algorithms presented in the standards (CIGRE TB601 and IEEE 738) are studied by implementing them in MATLAB®.\ud \ud The use of precise measurements of solar radiation and low wind speeds with ultrasonic anemometers, improves the accuracy of the estimated temperature compared with the real measured conductor temperature. Additionally, using dynamic algorithms instead of assuming a steady state analysis increases the accuracy. However, an equilibrium between the accuracy and mathematical complexity should be obtained depending on the specific needs.This work was supported by the Spanish Government under the R+D initiative INNPACTO with reference IPT-2011-1447-920000 and Spanish R+D initiative with reference ENE2013-42720-
P. Castro; A. Arroyo; R. Martinez; Mario Mañana; R. Domingo; A. Laso; Ramón Lecuna. Study of different mathematical approaches in determining the dynamic rating of overhead power lines and a comparison with real time monitoring data. Applied Thermal Engineering 2017, 111, 95 -102.
AMA StyleP. Castro, A. Arroyo, R. Martinez, Mario Mañana, R. Domingo, A. Laso, Ramón Lecuna. Study of different mathematical approaches in determining the dynamic rating of overhead power lines and a comparison with real time monitoring data. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2017; 111 ():95-102.
Chicago/Turabian StyleP. Castro; A. Arroyo; R. Martinez; Mario Mañana; R. Domingo; A. Laso; Ramón Lecuna. 2017. "Study of different mathematical approaches in determining the dynamic rating of overhead power lines and a comparison with real time monitoring data." Applied Thermal Engineering 111, no. : 95-102.