This article presents a 148-nW always-on wake-up system that drastically reduces the system power consumption of Internet of Things (IoT) sensor nodes while oftentimes operating in random-sparse-event (RSE) scenarios. To significantly reduce the long-term average (LTA) power consumption and realize multiapplication and intelligent event detection, three techniques are proposed: 1) In a three-stage pipelined event-driven architecture, a frame generator and a convolutional neural network intelligent inference engine (CNN IIE) in stage III are event-driven by the preliminary detectors in stage II, and the detectors are triggered by a level-crossing (LC) analog-to-digital converter (ADC), i.e., stage I, dramatically reducing the overall power consumption. 2) The clock-free pulse-based instant rate of change (IROC) feature extractor directly processes the asynchronous pulses of the LC-ADC outputs in the temporal domain instead of utilizing a conventional power-hungry frequency-domain method. 3) A reconfigurable IROC, the frame generator, and the CNN IIE provide adaptive intelligence for various IoT events, enhancing the accuracy of multipurpose detection with ultralow power. We demonstrate two artificial intelligence IoT (AIoT) applications at 0.6-V V _DD . For electrocardiogram (ECG) recognition, one example works at a typical event rate (ER) of ~4800/h, with an active power of 1.68 $\mu \text{W}$ and a precision of up to 99%; the other is used for keyword spotting (KWS), where the chip achieves 378 nW at ~720/h ER and 94% accuracy. The LTA power is bounded to 148 nW, while the event-driven chip is on call and waiting for events; this chip dominates the AIoT device battery life in RSE scenarios.

This work presents an ultra-low-power software-defined always-on wake-up system to drastically decrease the system power of Internet of Things (IoTs) devices, which usually operate in random-sparse-event (RSE) scenarios. It mainly thanks to a clock-free time-shielding level-crossing ADC (TS-LCADC), software-defined clock-free multi-function detectors, and an asynchronous pipelined event-driven architecture. First, by quantifying RSE noisy signals with clock-free adaptive sampling in a signal-noise-rejecting manner, the proposed TS-LCADC reduces number of sampling points and power, and consumes only 41 nW when on-call waiting for IoT events. Second, the proposed clock-free multi-function detectors with offline and online programmability are able to character the signal features of versatile IoTs events and allow versatile and dynamic wake-up functions. Third, the proposed asynchronous pipelined event-driven architecture minimizes the system activity and thus power, because a power-hungry high-performance system (HPS) is only woken up when a detected parameter crosses its corresponding threshold. As such, the long-term average power (LTA-power) is dominated by the always-on circuits in RSE scenarios. The measurement results achieve 71–75 nW for three typical applications, i.e., heart rate, epilepsy, and keyword envelope detection. The LTA power is only 57 nW when waiting for RSE events, which is 30 $\times $ lower than a prior general-purpose wake-up chip. Compared with other works of dedicated voice and acoustic wake-up functions, this work consumes 2 $\times $ and 17 $\times $ less power, respectively, while featuring 16 $\times $ higher signal bandwidth and a broader versatility.

This study investigates the role of ERBB2 mutations in promoting recurrence and metastasis of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Analysis of whole exome sequencing (WES) data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) databases revealed a significant association between ERBB2 mutations and immune cell infiltration. To validate these findings, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor tissues from patients with recurrent NMIBC were analyzed, with a focus on ERBB2 mutations. In addition, bladder cancer cell lines carrying wild type or mutant ERBB2 were established using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology. Functional experiments, including Western blotting, protein stability assays, and ubiquitination analyses, demonstrated that ERBB2 mutations promote hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) phosphorylation, leading to its stabilization and enhancing the proliferative, migratory, and invasive capacities of tumor cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU), Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), and Transwell assays confirmed the impact of these mutations on cellular behavior, while drug sensitivity assays indicated increased susceptibility of ERBB2-mutant cells to therapeutic agents. In vivo studies using mouse models further supported these findings, showing that ERBB2 mutations promote tumor growth, metastasis, and macrophage infiltration. Collectively, these results suggest that ERBB2 mutations drive NMIBC progression by stabilizing HIF-1 through phosphorylation, thereby facilitating tumor development and immune modulation, and underscore the potential of ERBB2 as a therapeutic target for preventing NMIBC recurrence and metastasis.

A profile of the soil samples around a typical crude oil sludge storage site of Jianghan Oil Field of China were collected and analyzed. We used the UE-GC/FID method to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the 16 kinds of PAHs which were controlled priory by the U.S.EPA. The results showed that the study area was polluted severely by PAHs. The main pollutants were naphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, phenathrene, chrysene, benzo(b) fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno (1,2,3,-cd) pyrene, dibenzo (a,h) anthracene, benzo (g,h,i) perylene, while the amount of acenaphthene, fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo (a) anthracene was relatively low. The peak values of PAHs in the profiles appeared in the range of 30-40cm, was 1899 ng·g-1. The ability of different PAHs components to transport downward changed in the profile, which was characterized as 2 rings PAHs>3 rings PAHs>4 rings PAHs>5 rings PAHs>6 rings PAHs