Kazakhstan is historically a livestock-producing country. For the first time in this study, we attempted to assess the vulnerability of nomadic pastoralists in Kazakhstan to climate change using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). To collect data, a survey of 100 household heads was conducted on fourteen main components and fifty-six sub-components. The study was conducted in the period from May to July 2022 in the Panfilov (PD) and Kerbulak (KD) districts of the Zhetysu region, where the Altyn-Emel State National Nature Park is located. The results of the study were combined using a composite index method and comparing different vulnerability indicators. Natural disasters, which manifest as the effects of drought, temperature fluctuations, and precipitation, contribute most to the vulnerability of nomads living in remote mountain areas with a complex infrastructure. According to the results of the study, nomads of both regions have high vulnerability in such components as natural resources, human–wildlife conflict, housing type, agriculture and food security, and social networks. High vulnerability in the “Finances and incomes” component was found only in the pastoralists of the PD. Identifying the levels of vulnerability of nomadic households to climate change, as well as understanding their adaptation strategies, will enable pastoralists to gain access to new ways of reducing the vulnerability of their livelihoods. Currently, the country practices a strategy to reduce the vulnerability of pastoral nomads’ livelihoods by insuring livestock against natural or natural hazards and other risks; involving the population in environmental-protection activities and helping them to obtain sustainable financial resources when they refuse to hunt endangered animals; non-agricultural diversification of high-altitude ecotourism in rural areas in their area of residence; and improving financial literacy by providing training and providing information on low-interest loans under state projects and livestock subsidy mechanisms, as well as training in organizing cooperatives within the framework of legal status, which will ensure them stable sales of products and income growth. The results of software research serve as a basis for taking measures within the framework of the development and implementation of state programs for climate change adaptation of the Environmental Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, where agriculture is one of the priority areas of management.

We conducted a study of the modern fish diversity of the Syr Darya River (Aral Sea basin) and its tributaries flowing down from the Karatau Mountains (2007-2023). The physico-chemical parameters at the fish sampling sites (2022-2023) were also studied. As a result of abstraction for irrigation, most tributaries do not reach the main river. The water level, turbidity, salinity, and nitrate content varied unpredictably for fish. A reduction in the diversity of fish has been established both in the main river and in its tributaries. It is most likely that Acipenser nudiventris, Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi, Luciobarbus capito, Aspiolucius esocinus, Capoetobrama kuschakewitschi and Pungitius platygaster aralensis have been extirpated here. The main river is no longer inhabited by Schizothorax intermedius nor the 4 native species from the family Nemacheilidae and Sabanejewia aralensis. In contrast, the Danube bleak Alburnus chalcoides (Güldenstädt 1772) spread much further along the Syr Darya. The reduction in fish diversity has affected the main stream to a greater extent than the tributaries. The fish diversity of the main river consisted of 17 native and 12 alien species, while the tributaries were inhabited by 20 native and 10 alien species. The state of the environment in the basin of the Kazakh section of the Syr Darya River remains unfavorable for local fish species. The ecological degradation of the basin's water bodies requires an integrated approach by biologists, policymakers, and the local community.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the technological pedagogical content knowledge of future biology teachers. In this study, the qualitative research method was used while making associations about the findings. Twenty (20) students studying in the biology teaching department of various universities in Kazakhstan constitute the study group of the research. The data of the research were collected by semi-structured interview technique. Considering the purpose of the research, a semi-structured interview form developed by the researcher was prepared. As a result of the research, it was determined that the majority of the pre-service teachers found themselves somewhat inadequate regarding their teaching skills by suitably combining technology and teaching approaches. The vast majority of pre-service teachers find themselves inadequate regarding their ability to use information and communication technologies as a tool for students to share their thoughts and ideas. Keywords: Content knowledge; pedagogical knowledge; technology knowledge.

Covering loess-like loams are widespread in the Chuvash Republic and serve as parent rocks. They are heterogeneous both in the course and in the depth of occurrence. A distinctive feature of loess like loams from other overlying quaternary deposits is a sharp predominance in the granulometric composition of coarse dust fractions ranging in size from 0.05 to 0.01 mm, the content of which is 40% or more. Their granulometric composition varies from light loamy to clayey. Loess like loams, due to the peculiarities of their granulometric composition, have relatively good water permeability and moisture capacity and are superior to original loamy and clay parent rocks of the Permian and Jurassic systems in terms of these parameters. The content of moving forms of phosphorus and potassium (according to Kirsanov) in loess like loams is from 15 to 75 mg/kg, of exchange potassium - from 20 to 105 mg/kg. The soils formed based on them have a well-defined profile, the genetic horizons of which are easily diagnosed in the soil section. Because soils formed on loess like loams have well-developed genetic horizons, clearly manifested features of soil formation peculiar to each soil type, they occupy a central subtype and are diagnosed as typical. However, soils formed on loess-like loams and clays have low erosion resistance and marked as erosion threatening on soil maps.

The aim of the research is to determine the amount and nutritional value of pasture forage eaten by dromedary camels on saltwort pastures. As the results of the experiments showed, adult female camels consumed, on average, over three years, 19.2 kg of sagebrush-saltwort-herb pasture pasture food of the above-described saltwort pasture with an initial moisture content of 35.7% and a nutritional value of 0.44 feed units, 4.96 MJ of exchange energy , 50 g digestible protein, 2.92 g calcium, 0.73 g phosphorus and 27 mg carotene in 1 kg of pasture feed at natural moisture. Adult single female camels with live weight in the range of 530-550 kg in the indicated amount of pasture forage (19.2 kg) consumed an average of 12.29 kg of dry matter, which contained 8.45 forage units, 95.23 MJ of metabolizable energy, 960 g of digestible protein, 56.06 g of calcium, 14.01 g of phosphorus and 518.4 mg of carotene. The actual provision in digestible protein was 115.8%, as they consume 960 g at a rate of 829 g, which indicates good grazing and forage conditions of saltwort pastures. The indicated feeding level of single female camels provided the animals with the average daily gain of 670 g. On a similar type of saltwort pastures, a 1.5 year old young camel stock with an average live weight of 265 kg consumed about 11.5 kg of pasture forage, which contained 7.36 kg of dry matter, 5.06 forage units, 57.04 MJ of metabolizable energy , 575 g of digestible protein, 33.6 g of calcium, 8.4 g of phosphorus, and 310 mg of carotene. At the same time, the average daily gain of the experimental young stock for the grazing period is 620 g.