The main function of multilevel inverters is to synthesize a desired AC voltage output starting from several input levels of direct current voltage. There are several circuit topologies and modulation strategies to generate the desired output voltage of an inverter, among which stands out the traditional Sine Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique with several variants. Phase Disposition (PD), Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) and, Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD); are presented considering switching frequencies, the spectrum of the output waveform of the inverter, and total harmonic distortion. In this paper, the SPWM techniques are studied due to its easy implementation and for being the most widely used family of multilevel converters, applied to the 9-level Asymmetrical Cascaded Multilevel Inverter (ACMLI) with the trinary structure, which is not a traditional case by means of a simulation environment.

This paper focuses on the comparative study of cascaded multilevel inverter whit two inverter cells, symmetric (5 levels) and asymmetrical (7 and 9 levels). These inverters are implemented without changes in the Power Semiconductor Devices, only modify the control stage and input supply voltages in the cells. This work presents the analysis of the output voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) and shows the results in simulation of cascaded multilevel inverters symmetrical and asymmetrical.

This paper introduces a new approach to controlling Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) using a neural network controller based on a Model Predictive Control (MPC) process. We use a Hammerstein–Wiener (HW) model representing the real PSA process data. Then, we design an MPC-controlled model based on the HW model to maintain the bioethanol purity near $99\%$ molar fraction. This work proposes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) that captures the dynamics of the PSA model controlled by the MPC strategy. Both controllers are validated using the HW model of the PSA process, showing great performance and robustness against disturbances. The results show that we can follow the desired trajectory and attenuate disturbances, achieving the purity of bioethanol at a molar fraction value of 0.99 using the ANN based on the MPC strategy with $94\%$ of fit in the control signal and a $97\%$ fit in the purity signal, so we can conclude that our ANN can be used to attenuate disturbances and maintain purity in the PSA process.

An observer-based method for actuator fault estimation for descriptor systems is presented. An innovative generalised dynamic observer for descriptor systems is synthesised to perform a convergent estimation of actuator faults. The main advantage of this observer is that it can be configured as a simple proportional observer or a proportional-integral observer, depending on the design specifications. An algorithm is provided to compute the observer gains, which are deduced from the stability analysis. Actuator faults occurring in a heat exchanger modelled in descriptor form are estimated in order to evaluate the capabilities of the observer.

In this article, a comprehensive review of electrical microgrids is presented, emphasizing their increasing importance in the context of renewable energy integration. Microgrids, capable of operating in both grid-connected and standalone modes, offer significant potential for providing energy solutions to rural and remote communities. However, the inclusion of diverse energy sources, energy storage systems (ESSs), and varying load demands introduces challenges in control and optimization. This review focuses on hybrid microgrids, analyzing their operational scenarios and exploring various optimization strategies and control approaches for efficient energy management. By synthesizing recent advancements and highlighting key trends, this article provides a detailed understanding of the current state and future directions in hybrid microgrid systems.