This study focuses on evaluating the efficacy of biofilm-enhanced natural zeolite for the purification of slaughterhouse wastewater. The investigation encompasses four distinct treatment methods: employing natural zeolite without biofilm, integrating biofilm into 1–2 mm particle size natural zeolite, enhancing biofilm in less than 4 mm particle size natural zeolite, and introducing biofilm in less than 8 mm particle size natural zeolite. The outcomes underscore the substantial improvement brought about by biofilm incorporation. For instance, within the natural zeolite treatment system without biofilm, the final effluent retained 28 NTU of turbidity. In contrast, utilizing the <8 mm particle size with biofilm resulted in 3.2 NTU of turbidity in the treated effluent, 2.45 NTU for the <4 mm particle size with biofilm, and 1.02 NTU for the 1–2 mm particle size zeolite system with biofilm. Notably, the achieved removal rates were significant, reaching 79.88% for natural zeolite without biofilm, 97.69% for the <8 mm particle size with biofilm, 99.27% for the <4 mm particle size with biofilm, and 98.24% for the 1–2 mm particle size zeolite system with biofilm. It is noteworthy that the removal efficiencies varied from 50 to 100% for wastewater samples subjected to the treatment system without biofilm, 65.7–100% with the <8 mm particle size biofilm, 71.4–100% with the <4 mm particle size biofilm, and 71.7–100% with the 1–2 mm particle size zeolite system biofilm. These findings collectively emphasize the pivotal role of biofilm in enhancing treatment outcomes, presenting a promising avenue for optimizing wastewater treatment efficiency.

This study evaluates the suitability of wastewater from the Modular Wastewater Treatment Plant (MWTS) in Tasboget village, Kyzylorda region, Kazakhstan, for agricultural irrigation, in alignment with the nation's "Concept for Transition to a Green Economy" (2013). Considering the severe challenges such as water scarcity and soil degradation in arid regions, the potential of treated wastewater as a sustainable resource is critically important. Through comprehensive physicochemical and microbiological analyses, the baseline quality of untreated wastewater was assessed, examining mineralization, toxic components, fecal coliform levels, and the risks of soil salinization and sodicity. The findings unequivocally reveal that untreated wastewater is unsuitable for direct irrigation due to its high mineralization (e.g., EC: 3.6 dS/m, TDS: 2304 mg/L), elevated chloride content (18.2 meq/L), high organic load (BOD: 120 mg/L), and significant microbial contamination (fecal coliform: 5,200 CFU/100 mL), all exceeding national and international standards. However, strategically blending this wastewater with clean groundwater at an optimal 1:3 ratio significantly improved its quality. This dilution reduced EC to 1.4 dS/m, SAR to 5.2, BOD to 45 mg/L, and fecal coliform to 800 CFU/100 mL, achieving a remarkable 93% suitability rating according to established agro-reclamation standards. The impacts of the optimized blend on soil quality were also positive; the 1:3 mix maintained soil EC (5.3 dS/m) and SAR (8.6) close to pre-irrigation levels, preserving soil structure and permeability. Furthermore, biomass yields and vigor of crops like alfalfa (8.5 t/ha), poplar (4.0 t/ha), and elm (3.4 t/ha) significantly increased under diluted wastewater application, with observed lower salinity stress compared to plots irrigated with untreated wastewater. This optimized blend minimizes environmental risks, enhances soil reclamation, and enables sustainable irrigation for both agricultural crops and woody plantations. The study emphasizes the importance of long-term soil and yield monitoring to ensure ecological stability and advocates for wastewater reuse as a viable and sustainable strategy to address water scarcity and promote resilient agriculture in arid regions. Our findings indicate that wastewater blending technology offers significant implications for regional water management policies and agricultural development.

Мақалада Қызылорда қаласы, Тасбөгет кентіндегі модульдік биологиялық тазарту станциясы аймағындағы жер асты суларының сапалық көрсеткіштері айтылады. Қазіргі уақытта әлем халқының алдында тұрған ең үлкен проблемалардың бірі – таза су мәселесі болып табылады. Су – адамзат үшін таптырмас ресурс және ол үнемі есепке алуды, үнемдеуді қажет етеді. Су ресурстарының жай-күйін сандық және сапалық тіркеу, бақылау әдістері мен құралдарын үнемі заманауи жетілдіру қажеттілігі су шаруашылығы мамандарының басты назарында. Бұл адамзат қоғамының дамуы су ресурстарының жағдайына тығыз байланысты болғандықтан, су ресурстары экономика мен халықтың әл-ауқатының өсуін анықтайды. Сондықтан ұтымды зерттеулер мен жер үсті және жер асты суларының ластануынан қорғау тек мемлекеттік емес, сонымен қатар қоғамдық ұйымдардың негізгі міндеттерінің бірі болып табылады. Соңғы жылдары тұщы су ресурстары жаһандық жылыну салдарынан туындап отырған климаттың өзгеруінен ғана емес, сонымен қатар оларға антропогендік жүктемелердің артуы салдарынан айтарлықтай өзгерістерге ұшырады. Ең алдымен, бұл әсер аумақтың урбанизациясынан, қалалар мен елді мекендердің өсуінен, адамның тұрмысынан және ауыл шаруашылығының үздіксіз химиялық қоспаларына тәуелділігінен туындайды. Антропогендік ластанудың іздері байқалатын жоғарғы горизонттардан жер үсті және жер асты суларының сапасы нашарлады. Сондықтан бұл жағдай табиғи су ресурстарын пайдалану кезінде күрделі инженерлік шешімдерді іздеуді қажет етеді.

This study comprehensively assessed the agroecological characteristics and dynamics of soil cover in an experimental plot within the Syrdarya Delta's lower reaches in Kyzylorda Region, Kazakhstan, aiming to provide scientific data for developing sustainable cultivation practices for woody and forage crops amidst escalating water scarcity and soil degradation due to climate change and intensive agriculture. The methodology involved detailed physicochemical analyses of soil samples collected from upper (0-40 cm) and lower (below 40 cm) tiers of an experimental site in Tasboget village, specifically prepared with land leveling and irrigated using treated wastewater, with samples taken initially and after a vegetation period following GOST standards. Key analytical findings revealed significant and detrimental alterations in soil properties, particularly in the vital upper layers, including a shift in mechanical composition, a notable increase in pH (from 8.10 to 8.60), an alarming 1100% rise in sodium (Na⁺) content, dramatic increases in sulfate (SO₄²⁻), and a significant decrease in crucial humus content (up to 58.70%). These adverse changes profoundly undermined the soil's capacity to support plant life, evidenced by a very low (39.20%) survival rate of tree plantations, while lower tiers also exhibited persistent alkalinity and humus depletion alongside chloride and sodium accumulation; field observations further highlighted that higher irrigation volumes led to salt leaching and secondary salinization risks. In conclusion, intensive land leveling and inappropriate irrigation practices in this arid region severely degrade soil health, leading to increased alkalinity, salinity, and crucial humus depletion, creating a highly challenging environment for agricultural sustainability and plant establishment, thus underscoring the critical need for integrated and adaptive soil management strategies, including judicious irrigation, targeted agro-meliorative methods, and the responsible utilization of treated wastewater, which collectively offer an empirically-supported scientific foundation for effective land reclamation and optimized irrigation regimes to enhance the long-term productivity and sustainability of agricultural lands in Kazakhstan's challenging arid environments.

В роcте валовых cборов и урожайноcть риcа важнейшая роль принадлежит минеральным удобрениям. Отзывчивоcть риcа на наличие питательных вещеcтв объяcняетcя его потенциально биологичеcкой cпоcобноcтью к формированию выcокого урожая, а также интенcивноcтью тех процеccов, которые протекают в затопленной почве. На cпоcобноcть риcа cоздавать выcокие урожаи показывает опыт лучших маcтеров риcоводcтва и передовых хозяйcтв. В наcтоящее время во многих cтранах риcоcеющих cтранах мира возраcтает общее количеcтво применяемых под риc удобрений. От применения полного минерального удобрения урожайноcть cоcтавляет от 50 до 70% по cравнению c неудобренными учаcтками. При этом наблюдаетcя выcокая окупаемоcть урожаем. Можно отметить прямую завиcимоcть величины урожая от общего количеcтва вноcимых удобрений. В тех cтранах, где применяют NPKв раcчете 100 кг/га и более, урожайноcть риcа не бывает ниже 35 ц/га. Из cельcкохозяйcтвенных культур, возделываемых в Кызылординcкой облаcти, лучше вcех обеcпечен элементами минерального питания риc. При cовременном уровне применения удобрений его урожай мог бы быть значительно выше. Недоcтаточную эффективноcть удобрений, применяемых на поcевах риcа, можно объяcнить нарушением рекомендаций по их рациональному применению. Неравномерное раcпределение минеральных удобрений по поверхноcти чека при внеcении их перед поcевом и в период вегетации, потери при первоначальном затоплении, неcоблюдение cоотношения NPK, нарушения оптимальных cроков внеcения и оcобенно проведения вегетационных подкормок приводят к низкому коэффициенту иcпользования азота, фоcфора и калия из минеральных удобрений. Дальнейшее повышение плодородия почвы и обеcпечение на этой оcнове роcта урожайноcти риcа являетcя повышение эффективноcти внеcения минеральных удобрений. На риcовых cиcтемах Казахcкого научно-иccледовательcкого инcтитута риcоводcтва имени Ибрая Жахаева (КазНИИ риcоводcтва) в 2016 году на 42 га проводилиcь полевые опыты по нормам и cрокам внеcения минеральных удобрений N120Р90К60; N150Р90К60; N180Р90К60. При cущеcтвующих фондах применяемых удобрений, для повышения продуктивноcти cельcкохозяйcтвенных культур, риc выращивали c применением трех доз удобрений. Технология выращивания риcа, общепринятая для зоны.

The article deals with the issues of waste-free technology of wastewater disposal. Analysis of information on water quality and the state of the ecosystem of Kazakhstan's water bodies shows that most of them are unable to perform their main function – to maintain the geosystem structure formed as a result of prolonged anthropogenic human activity. The reason for the current environmental situation is the management of the economy in accordance with the previously adopted and practically valid technocratic concept of economic development, which does not actually include the thesis of taking into account possible negative consequences for the environment as a result of extensive consumption of resources. In this regard, the consequence for the water resources of Kazakhstan was the loss of water content and the formation of polluted wastewater, the discharge of which has become the norm in the practice of modern wastewater disposal. The ever-increasing flow of pollution, which includes more and more new ingredients, leads to a change in the intensity and direction of the water-body processes in the drainless basins of Kazakhstan. As a result of economic activity, foci of secondary pollution with completely unpredictable properties were formed, which are included in the scope of action of intra-reservoir processes. Currently, scientists are persistently searching for specific innovations or technological schemes for the functioning of enterprises or industrial complex, which will significantly reduce and completely eliminate emissions of harmful anthropogenic substances. In this regard, engineering developments of closed and semi-closed technological cycles, circular water supply systems of enterprises, technical systems with low water and energy consumption, low-waste and non-waste technologies for waste disposal of urban and industrial facilities are considered the most promising