The study examined the intricate relationships between embankment slope configurations, toe drain designs, and drawdown scenarios. It utilized a unique combination of numerical, physical, and mathematical models. The investigation involved 16 numerical models and 8 physical models with distinct characteristics. The research explored the correlations of key parameters: matric suction, horizontal water conductivity, time, and factor of safety. The factor of safety values varied from 0.62 to 1.03 as a result of the different investigated combinations. For instance, a 1:2 embankment slope without a toe drain under instantaneous drawdown led to the factor of safety values ranging from 1.22 to 1.57. Additionally, incorporating elements like a 30 m toe drain and a 1 m per day drawdown rate influenced these values, with extremes recorded from 1.337 to 2.21, shedding light on embankment stability under diverse conditions and configurations. When subjected to a 1 m per day drawdown, water flow rates decreased significantly at the upstream face and increased downstream, accompanied by an increase in water mass flux at the upstream face and a decrease at the downstream toe, suggesting dynamic changes in water behavior in response to drawdown. Moreover, the findings unveiled significant correlations between matric suction and time (correlation coefficient of 0.950) and factor of safety and water conductivity (correlation coefficient of 0.750). Conversely, a distinct negative correlation emerged between matric suction and factor of safety (correlation coefficient of −0.864). The study’s distinctive insights contribute to our understanding of seepage behavior and dam stability across varied scenarios, offering valuable input for resilient dam construction approaches that will ensure the longevity and effectiveness of these essential structures.

The paper presents the results of the influence on shrinkage deformations of the adopted composition during the drying and firing of ceramic bricks made using rice husk and ash of the combined heat and power plant of the city of Kyzylorda of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The optimal values of the husk additives content and ash from thermal power plants in the studied compositions were determined. Ash dumps from thermal power plants (TPP) create environmental tension and pose a great threat to both the environment and human health. It was found that the hydro-removal ash from the thermal power plant mainly consists of oxides of silica (45.45…46.37 %) and alumina (16.62…17.70 %), there are oxides of calcium (1.66…2.20 %), magnesium (0.86…1.12 %), iron (2.98…3.41 %) and alkali metals (0.80…1.04 %). The composition of ceramic bricks based on loess-like loam, rice husks, and ash from thermal power plants was studied. The charge composition of the raw components of the “clay, TPP ash, and rice husk” brick: clay is 71…75 %, TPP ash is 18…22 %, and rice husk is 2…6 % of the total mass of the components of the raw mixture of ceramic bricks. The compressive strength of fired ceramic bricks was 11…12 MPa. According to the results of experimental studies, it was found that the increased concentration of rice husks in natural mixtures is characterized by a stable increase in ceramic mass drying cracks. The increase in time until the appearance of drying cracks is 100 up to 160 sec. The resulting ceramic brick in accordance with the developed composition has a low weight, good thermal properties and meets the standard requirements for ceramic bricks according to GOST 530-2012

Мақалада Қызылорда қаласы, Тасбөгет кентіндегі модульдік биологиялық тазарту станциясы аймағындағы жер асты суларының сапалық көрсеткіштері айтылады. Қазіргі уақытта әлем халқының алдында тұрған ең үлкен проблемалардың бірі – таза су мәселесі болып табылады. Су – адамзат үшін таптырмас ресурс және ол үнемі есепке алуды, үнемдеуді қажет етеді. Су ресурстарының жай-күйін сандық және сапалық тіркеу, бақылау әдістері мен құралдарын үнемі заманауи жетілдіру қажеттілігі су шаруашылығы мамандарының басты назарында. Бұл адамзат қоғамының дамуы су ресурстарының жағдайына тығыз байланысты болғандықтан, су ресурстары экономика мен халықтың әл-ауқатының өсуін анықтайды. Сондықтан ұтымды зерттеулер мен жер үсті және жер асты суларының ластануынан қорғау тек мемлекеттік емес, сонымен қатар қоғамдық ұйымдардың негізгі міндеттерінің бірі болып табылады. Соңғы жылдары тұщы су ресурстары жаһандық жылыну салдарынан туындап отырған климаттың өзгеруінен ғана емес, сонымен қатар оларға антропогендік жүктемелердің артуы салдарынан айтарлықтай өзгерістерге ұшырады. Ең алдымен, бұл әсер аумақтың урбанизациясынан, қалалар мен елді мекендердің өсуінен, адамның тұрмысынан және ауыл шаруашылығының үздіксіз химиялық қоспаларына тәуелділігінен туындайды. Антропогендік ластанудың іздері байқалатын жоғарғы горизонттардан жер үсті және жер асты суларының сапасы нашарлады. Сондықтан бұл жағдай табиғи су ресурстарын пайдалану кезінде күрделі инженерлік шешімдерді іздеуді қажет етеді.

This study evaluates sustainable dune-sand concrete produced using local dune sand, rice husk ash (RHA), and dried oil sludge. The experimental program included a control mixture (C0) and three modified mixtures (M1–M3). RHA was used as a partial replacement for Portland cement at contents of 20, 40, and 60 kg/m³, while dried oil sludge was introduced as a waste-derived additive at 10, 15, and 20 kg/m³, respectively. The total binder content, defined as Portland cement plus RHA, was maintained at 350 kg/m³, while the mixing-water content and water-to-binder ratio were kept constant at 185 kg/m³ and 0.53, respectively. The RHA was heat-treated at 800 °C for 60 min, immediately quenched in water, and subsequently dried at 105 ± 5 °C until a constant mass was achieved. Among the investigated compositions, M2, containing 310 kg/m³ Portland cement, 690 kg/m³ dune sand, 1110 kg/m³ crushed stone, 40 kg/m³ RHA, and 15 kg/m³ dried oil sludge, exhibited the most balanced overall performance. Its compressive strength reached 27.8 MPa at 7 days, 42.5 MPa at 28 days, and 47.7 MPa at 90 days, while its static modulus of elasticity was 32.7 GPa. M2 also showed the lowest water absorption (3.63%), the highest watertightness grade within the investigated series (W10), and the greatest measured freeze–thaw resistance, completing 223 cycles. Optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction observations indicated a visually more continuous matrix and lower relative intensities of several portlandite peaks in the modified concrete. For the replicate-based properties, mixture composition had a statistically significant effect (p < 0.001). Because RHA and dried oil sludge were varied simultaneously, the results represent their combined effect. M2 is therefore identified as the most balanced composition within the present limited test series, rather than as a universal optimum.

This study investigates the development of sustainable ceramic materials using industrial and agricultural waste from the Kyzylorda region of Kazakhstan. The research focuses on the combined use of local clay, ash from the Kyzylorda thermal power plant (TPP), and rice husk ash (RHA). Experimental investigations included the evaluation of chemical composition, linear and volumetric shrinkage, water absorption, bulk density, and compressive strength of ceramic samples fired at 950–1050 °C. Microstructural (SEM) and phase composition (XRD) analyses were performed to explain the observed behavior. The results showed that the optimal composition was 70% clay, 20% TPP ash, and 10% RHA, which demonstrated the highest compressive strength (15.45 MPa), reduced water absorption, and improved densification. The enhanced performance is attributed to partial vitrification and viscous-phase-assisted densification and the formation of crystalline phases such as mullite, cristobalite, and anorthite. The study confirms that the combined use of TPP ash and RHA enables effective recycling of local waste materials and improves the physical and mechanical properties of ceramic products.

Providing the necessary parameters of the microclimate is one of the necessary conditions in the modern construction. For these purposes, there is a set of measures and microclimate support systems applicable in all types of the structural design of buildings. But the features of houses form the modular blocks allow us to move away from standard solutions and use energy-efficient construction technologies, namely, walls with a ventilated interlayer. This design allows us to provide the necessary air exchange in the premises while providing the necessary inlet air temperature. Walls with a ventilated interlayer complement the central ventilation systems or even make it possible to abandon their use. In this article the issue of using walls with ventilated interlayers in the modular blocks, with the use of additional heating of the incoming air in the cold season by using film infrared heaters was considered. The question of the integration of this design with the system of “smart home” was also considered, which will lead to the possibility of creating an energy-efficient building by ensuring cellular regulation of the microclimate parameters. The result of the research is the data required for an approximate calculation of walls with ventilated interlayers and infrared film heating systems, and the possibilities of creating active buildings were also considered. To ensure the energy efficiency of the building, it is proposed to control air exchange and temperature. The control will be carried out directly as follows: in the ventilated walls, at the holes, sensors are installed that will control the speed and temperature of the supply air; a radiant heating film and a recuperator plate that heats the supply air are mounted in the inner heating layer of the wall panel. If the plate temperature is insufficient, the heating film is switched on, which increases the temperature of the supply air masses to the desired temperature.