This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Vertical translocation/leaching of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) through manure-amended sandy loam soil and significance of biochar application on SMZ retention were investigated in this study. Soil was filled in columns and amended with manure spiked with 13.75 mg kg−1 (S1), 27.5 mg kg−1 (S2), and 55 mg kg−1 (S3) of SMZ. Jujube (Ziziphus jujube L.) wood waste was transformed into biochar and mixed with S3 at 0.5% (S3-B1), 1.0% (S3-B2), and 2.0% (S3-B3) ratio. Cumulative SMZ leaching was lowest at pH 3.0, which increased by 16% and 34% at pH 5.0 and 7.0, respectively. A quicker release and translocation of SMZ from manure occurred during the initial 40 h, which gradually reduced over time. Intraparticle diffusion and Elovich kinetic models were the best fitted to leaching data. S3 exhibited the highest release and vertical translocation of SMZ, followed by S2, and S1; however, SMZ leaching was reduced by more than twofold in S3-B3. At pH 3.0, 2.0% biochar resulted in 99% reduction in SMZ leaching within 72 h, while 1.0% and 0.5% biochar applications reduced SMZ leaching to 99% within 120 and 144 h, respectively, in S3. The higher SMZ retention onto biochar could be due to electrostatic interactions, H-bonding, and π-π electron donor acceptor interactions.
Mohammad Al-Wabel; Munir Ahmad; Muhammad Rafique; Mutair Akanji; Adel Usman; Abdullah Al-Farraj. Sulfamethoxazole Leaching from Manure-Amended Sandy Loam Soil as Affected by the Application of Jujube Wood Waste-Derived Biochar. Molecules 2021, 26, 4674 .
AMA StyleMohammad Al-Wabel, Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Rafique, Mutair Akanji, Adel Usman, Abdullah Al-Farraj. Sulfamethoxazole Leaching from Manure-Amended Sandy Loam Soil as Affected by the Application of Jujube Wood Waste-Derived Biochar. Molecules. 2021; 26 (15):4674.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Al-Wabel; Munir Ahmad; Muhammad Rafique; Mutair Akanji; Adel Usman; Abdullah Al-Farraj. 2021. "Sulfamethoxazole Leaching from Manure-Amended Sandy Loam Soil as Affected by the Application of Jujube Wood Waste-Derived Biochar." Molecules 26, no. 15: 4674.
The development of a simple method to synthesize highly efficient and stable magnetic microsphere beads for sulfathiazole (STZ) removal from contaminated aqueous media was demonstrated in this study. Conocarpus (Conocarpus erectus L.) tree waste (CW) derived biochar (BC) was modified to fabricate chitosan-BC (CBC) and magnetic CBC (CBC-Fe) microsphere beads. Proximate, chemical, and structural properties of the produced adsorbents were investigated. Kinetics, equilibrium, and pH adsorption batch trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the synthesized adsorbents for STZ removal. All adsorbents exhibited the highest STZ adsorption at pH 5.0. STZ adsorption kinetics data was best emulated using pseudo-second order and Elovich models. The equilibrium adsorption data was best emulated using Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich–Peterson, and Temkin models. CBC-Fe demonstrated the highest Elovich, pseudo-second order, and power function rate constants, as well as the highest apparent diffusion rate constant. Additionally, Langmuir isotherm predicted maximum adsorption capacity was the highest for CBC-Fe (98.67 mg g−1), followed by CBC (56.54 mg g−1) and BC (48.63 mg g−1). CBC-Fe and CBC removed 74.5%–108.8% and 16.2%–25.6% more STZ, respectively, than that of pristine BC. π-π electron-donor–acceptor interactions and Lewis acid-base reactions were the main mechanisms for STZ removal; however, intraparticle diffusion and H-bonding further contributed in the adsorption process. The higher efficiency of CBC-Fe for STZ adsorption could be due to its magnetic properties as well as stronger and conducting microsphere beads, which degraded the STZ molecules through generation of HO• radicals.
Mohammad I. Al-Wabel; Munir Ahmad; Adel R.A. Usman; Abdullah S.F. Al-Farraj. Designing chitosan based magnetic beads with conocarpus waste-derived biochar for efficient sulfathiazole removal from contaminated water. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleMohammad I. Al-Wabel, Munir Ahmad, Adel R.A. Usman, Abdullah S.F. Al-Farraj. Designing chitosan based magnetic beads with conocarpus waste-derived biochar for efficient sulfathiazole removal from contaminated water. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad I. Al-Wabel; Munir Ahmad; Adel R.A. Usman; Abdullah S.F. Al-Farraj. 2021. "Designing chitosan based magnetic beads with conocarpus waste-derived biochar for efficient sulfathiazole removal from contaminated water." Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences , no. : 1.
Biochar, an alkaline carbonaceous substance resulting from the thermal pyrolysis of biomass, reportedly enhances the micronutrient availability in acidic soils with little or no effect on alkaline soils. In this study, biochars were produced from poultry manure (PM) at 350 °C and 550 °C (BC350 and BC550 respectively). The acidified biochars (ABC350 and ABC550, respectively) were incorporated into an alkaline sandy soil, and their effects on the soil micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) availability, and CO2–C efflux were investigated in a 30-day incubation study. The treatments (PM, BC350, BC550, ABC350, and ABC550) were administered in triplicate to 100 g soil at 0%, 1%, and 3% (w/w). Relative to the poultry manure treatment, acidification drastically reduced the pH of BC350 and BC550 by 3.13 and 4.28 units, respectively, and increased the micronutrient availability of the studied soil. Furthermore, the biochars (both non-acidified and acidified) reduced the CO2 emission compared to that of the poultry manure treatment. After 1% treatment with BC550 and ABC550, the CO2 emissions from the soil were 89.6% and 91.4% lower, respectively, than in the 1% poultry manure treatment. In summary, acidified biochar improved the micronutrient availability in alkaline soil, and when produced at higher temperature, can mitigate the CO2 emissions of soil carbon sequestration.
Mutair Akanji; Adel Usman; Mohammad Al-Wabel. Influence of Acidified Biochar on CO2–C Efflux and Micronutrient Availability in an Alkaline Sandy Soil. Sustainability 2021, 13, 5196 .
AMA StyleMutair Akanji, Adel Usman, Mohammad Al-Wabel. Influence of Acidified Biochar on CO2–C Efflux and Micronutrient Availability in an Alkaline Sandy Soil. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):5196.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMutair Akanji; Adel Usman; Mohammad Al-Wabel. 2021. "Influence of Acidified Biochar on CO2–C Efflux and Micronutrient Availability in an Alkaline Sandy Soil." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 5196.
This study was conducted to investigate the potential of Jujube (Ziziphus jujube L) wood waste-derived biochar (BC) and its derivative polymer-modified biochar (PBC) in removing hexavalent chromium (CrVI) from aqueous solutions and in achieving Cr stabilization in tannery waste-contaminated soil. BC was produced at three different pyrolysis temperature (300oC, 500oC, 700oC) and was polymerized with acrylamide and N, N1 methylenebisacrylamide. The results showed that CrVI adsorption is a function of the pH and CrVI initial concentration of the solution. The PBC showed highest sorption efficiency for CrVI removal, which amounted to 76.4%–99.6% of the CrVI overall initial concentrations (5–40 mg L−1) at an initial pH of 2. In greenhouse, wheat (Triticum aestivum L) was cultivated as a test crop in pots with tannery waste-contaminated soil along with BCs and PBCs amendments. The BC and PBC amended soil showed 47.7% and 65% less Cr uptake by the plant roots in comparison with unamended soil, respectively. In addition, zero concentration of Cr in the plant shoots was noted with the PBC-amended soil, while the Cr concentration in the shoots was decreased by 89% with the BC-amended soil. Thus, it was concluded that BC and PBC have great potential in removing CrVI from aqueous phases and in decreasing the Cr mobility and bioavailability in soil.
Muhammad Imran Rafique; Adel R.A. Usman; Munir Ahmad; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Immobilization and mitigation of chromium toxicity in aqueous solutions and tannery waste-contaminated soil using biochar and polymer-modified biochar. Chemosphere 2020, 266, 129198 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Imran Rafique, Adel R.A. Usman, Munir Ahmad, Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Immobilization and mitigation of chromium toxicity in aqueous solutions and tannery waste-contaminated soil using biochar and polymer-modified biochar. Chemosphere. 2020; 266 ():129198.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Imran Rafique; Adel R.A. Usman; Munir Ahmad; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. 2020. "Immobilization and mitigation of chromium toxicity in aqueous solutions and tannery waste-contaminated soil using biochar and polymer-modified biochar." Chemosphere 266, no. : 129198.
The present work investigated the potential of using zeolite (clinoptilolite), montmorillonite (Swy2), and Conocarpus biochar as adsorbents to remove 226Ra from aqueous solution. The effect of the initial 226Ra concentrations on sorbents’ equilibrium activity concentrations and sorbents’ radium removal efficiency were investigated. The results showed that zeolite has a higher removal efficiency for 226Ra in comparison with the efficiencies of montmorillonite and biochar. In addition to the linear isotherm model, the Freundlich model, followed by Temkin’s model, provided a better description of the adsorption process than the Langmuir model. Kinetic studies indicated that a pseudo-second-order kinetic model could be the best fit for the adsorption of 226Ra onto the three investigated sorbents, which suggests that the mechanism of adsorption of 226Ra by sorbents was chemisorption. The intraparticle diffusion model indicated that adsorption of 226Ra onto the sorbents involves a multistep process: (i) boundary layer diffusion and (ii) intraparticle diffusion. Moreover, the remediation of groundwater samples polluted with 226Ra was assessed using the investigated sorbents; the results showed that zeolite also has the highest removal efficiency among other sorbents. Thus, the low cost, availability, and the high adsorption efficiency of zeolite can be a promising sorbent on 226Ra removal from aqueous solutions and groundwater remediation.
Fahad I. Almasoud; Abdullah S. Al-Farraj; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel; Adel R.A. Usman; Yousef J. Alanazi; Zaid Q. Ababneh. The Potential Use of Zeolite, Montmorillonite, and Biochar for the Removal of Radium-226 from Aqueous Solutions and Contaminated Groundwater. Processes 2020, 8, 1537 .
AMA StyleFahad I. Almasoud, Abdullah S. Al-Farraj, Mohammad I. Al-Wabel, Adel R.A. Usman, Yousef J. Alanazi, Zaid Q. Ababneh. The Potential Use of Zeolite, Montmorillonite, and Biochar for the Removal of Radium-226 from Aqueous Solutions and Contaminated Groundwater. Processes. 2020; 8 (12):1537.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFahad I. Almasoud; Abdullah S. Al-Farraj; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel; Adel R.A. Usman; Yousef J. Alanazi; Zaid Q. Ababneh. 2020. "The Potential Use of Zeolite, Montmorillonite, and Biochar for the Removal of Radium-226 from Aqueous Solutions and Contaminated Groundwater." Processes 8, no. 12: 1537.
Fabrication of efficient and low-cost adsorbents through enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) of sand embedded with binding agents for sulfathiazole (STZ) removal is reported for the first time. Sand enriched with biochar (300 °C, 500 °C, and 700 °C), xanthan gum, guar gum, bentonite, or sodium alginate (1% w/w ratios) was cemented via EICP technique. Enrichment with binding agents decreased the unconfined compressive strength, improved the porosity, and induced functional groups. Biochar enrichment reduced the pH, and increased the calcite contents and electrical conductivity. Fixed-bed column adsorption trials revealed that biochars enrichment resulted in the highest STZ removal (64.7–87.9%) from water at initial STZ concentration of 50 mg L−1, than the adsorbents enriched with other binding agents. Yoon–Nelson and Thomas kinetic models were fitted well to the adsorption data (R2 = 0.91–0.98). The adsorbents embedded with 700 °C biochar (BC7) exhibited the highest Yoon–Nelson rate constants (0.087 L min−1), 50% breakthrough time (58.056 min), and Thomas model-predicted maximum adsorption capacity (4.925 mg g−1). Overall, BC7 removed 168% higher STZ from water than pristine cemented sand. Post-adsorption XRD and FTIR analyses suggested the binding of STZ onto the adsorbents. π–π electron-donor-acceptor interactions, aided-by electrostatic interactions and H-bonding were the main STZ adsorption mechanisms.
Abdullah Almajed; Munir Ahmad; Adel R.A. Usman; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Fabrication of sand-based novel adsorbents embedded with biochar or binding agents via calcite precipitation for sulfathiazole scavenging. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2020, 405, 124249 .
AMA StyleAbdullah Almajed, Munir Ahmad, Adel R.A. Usman, Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Fabrication of sand-based novel adsorbents embedded with biochar or binding agents via calcite precipitation for sulfathiazole scavenging. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2020; 405 ():124249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdullah Almajed; Munir Ahmad; Adel R.A. Usman; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. 2020. "Fabrication of sand-based novel adsorbents embedded with biochar or binding agents via calcite precipitation for sulfathiazole scavenging." Journal of Hazardous Materials 405, no. : 124249.
Emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) including carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4) due to anthropogenic activities has changed the world climate, consequently resulting in global warming. Biochar can potentially deplete atmospheric carbon (C) levels and enhance C sequestration to combat climate change. Lower mineralization and higher recalcitrance of biochar enhance the C sequestration and reduce the release of CO2. Biochar application to the soil reduces N2O and CH4 emissions and increase microbial growth and activities. The recalcitrance and C sequestration potential of different biochars were investigated by using recalcitrance index (R50), H/C and O/C molar ratios, and proximate analyses in this chapter. Biochar+silica composite pyrolyzed at 600 °C (BC+S600), ball-milled biochar+silica composite pyrolyzed at 600 °C (MBC+S600), and eggshell+biochar composite pyrolyzed at 600 °C (EP-BC600) were highly recalcitrant, exhibiting R50 values above 0.7. Interestingly, BC+S600 and MBC+S600 exhibited the highest values of C sequestration potentials as well (95.59% and 21.17%, respectively). However, pyrolysis temperature, feedstock type, soil characteristics, and biochar application rates affect the efficiency of biochar for GHG mitigation, its recalcitrance, and C sequestration potential. Thus, the efficiency of biochar for C sequestration can be enhanced with advanced smokeless biomass pyrolytic techniques for safe energy production and climate change mitigation.
Mohammad I. Al-Wabel; Munir Ahmad; Adel R. A. Usman; Mutair Akanji; Muhammad Imran Rafique. Advances in Pyrolytic Technologies with Improved Carbon Capture and Storage to Combat Climate Change. Environment, Climate, Plant and Vegetation Growth 2020, 535 -575.
AMA StyleMohammad I. Al-Wabel, Munir Ahmad, Adel R. A. Usman, Mutair Akanji, Muhammad Imran Rafique. Advances in Pyrolytic Technologies with Improved Carbon Capture and Storage to Combat Climate Change. Environment, Climate, Plant and Vegetation Growth. 2020; ():535-575.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad I. Al-Wabel; Munir Ahmad; Adel R. A. Usman; Mutair Akanji; Muhammad Imran Rafique. 2020. "Advances in Pyrolytic Technologies with Improved Carbon Capture and Storage to Combat Climate Change." Environment, Climate, Plant and Vegetation Growth , no. : 535-575.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change due to its geographical location with a continental climate, cold winter, hot summer, and random rainfall. This chapter focuses on the effects of climate change on soils and groundwater in valley wadi Rumah, Qassim, KSA by using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Three satellite images (taken in 1972, 1990, and 2000) were acquired and analyzed to detect the changes in topography during these years. Climatic, field and previously published data were collected and analyzed to understand the changes in the agricultural system in the region over the past 30–40 years. The rainfall and average temperatures were increased while drought intervals were decreased. The length of valley increased by 6.7%, and average soil profile depth increased by 80–105 cm in the downstream, whereas, decreased by 70–30 cm in the upstream. A decrease in groundwater salinity (4.5–2.6 dS m−1) and development of some subsurface diagnostic horizons (calcic and salic) changed the soil order from Entisols to Aridosols. These changes may be attributed to changes in the rainfall, temperature, and wind speed as a result of climate change since no human activities were identified in the valley pathways.
Mohammad I. Al-Wabel; Abdelazeem Sallam; Munir Ahmad; Khalid Elanazi; Adel R. A. Usman. Extent of Climate Change in Saudi Arabia and Its Impacts on Agriculture: A Case Study from Qassim Region. Environment, Climate, Plant and Vegetation Growth 2020, 635 -657.
AMA StyleMohammad I. Al-Wabel, Abdelazeem Sallam, Munir Ahmad, Khalid Elanazi, Adel R. A. Usman. Extent of Climate Change in Saudi Arabia and Its Impacts on Agriculture: A Case Study from Qassim Region. Environment, Climate, Plant and Vegetation Growth. 2020; ():635-657.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad I. Al-Wabel; Abdelazeem Sallam; Munir Ahmad; Khalid Elanazi; Adel R. A. Usman. 2020. "Extent of Climate Change in Saudi Arabia and Its Impacts on Agriculture: A Case Study from Qassim Region." Environment, Climate, Plant and Vegetation Growth , no. : 635-657.
Novel carbon nanodots (nCD-DBC) and nano zero-valent iron composites (nZVI-DBC) were synthesized using date palm waste-derived biochar (DBC). The synthesized materials were analyzed for chemical and structural composition by using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and TGA, and evaluated for their methylthioninium chloride dye (MB) removal efficiency from contaminated aqueous solutions. pH 7.0 was found optimum for the highest MB removal in sorption batch studies. Kinetics sorption of MB onto the sorbents was best described by pseudo-second-order (R2 = 0.93–0.99) and Elovich models (R2 = 0.86–0.97) implying that sorption was being controlled by chemisorption. Langmuir model predicted maximum sorption capacities for nCD-DBC, nZVI-DBC, and DBC were 1558.66, 1182.90, and 851.67 mg g−1, respectively, which correlated with the results of kinetics sorption. Likewise, nCD-DBC yielded the highest partition coefficient (7067 mL g−1), followed by nZVI-DBC (1460 mL g−1), and DBC (930 mL g−1). Post-sorption XRD, FTIR, and SEM analyses depicted the binding of MB onto the sorbents. It was suggested that electrostatic interactions, π–π electron donor-accepter interactions, degradation, and diffusion were responsible for MB removal by the synthesized materials. Therefore, the nCD-DBC, nZVI-DBC, and DBC can potentially be used for scavenging MB dye from contaminated aqueous solutions.
Munir Ahmad; Mutair A. Akanji; Adel R. A. Usman; Abdullah S. F. Al-Farraj; Yiu Fai Tsang; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Turning date palm waste into carbon nanodots and nano zerovalent iron composites for excellent removal of methylthioninium chloride from water. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -15.
AMA StyleMunir Ahmad, Mutair A. Akanji, Adel R. A. Usman, Abdullah S. F. Al-Farraj, Yiu Fai Tsang, Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Turning date palm waste into carbon nanodots and nano zerovalent iron composites for excellent removal of methylthioninium chloride from water. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMunir Ahmad; Mutair A. Akanji; Adel R. A. Usman; Abdullah S. F. Al-Farraj; Yiu Fai Tsang; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. 2020. "Turning date palm waste into carbon nanodots and nano zerovalent iron composites for excellent removal of methylthioninium chloride from water." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-15.
Waste date palm-derived biochar (DPBC) was modified with nano-zerovalent iron (BC-ZVI) and silica (BC-SiO2) through mechanochemical treatments and evaluated for arsenate (As(V)) removal from water. The feedstock and synthesized adsorbents were characterized through proximate, ultimate, and chemical analyses for structural, surface, and mineralogical compositions. BC-ZVI demonstrated the highest surface area and contents of C, N, and H. A pH range of 2–6 was optimum for BC-ZVI (100% removal), 3–6 for DPBC (89% removal), and 4–6 for BC-SiO2 (18% removal). Co-occurring PO43− and SO42− ions showed up to 100% reduction, while NO3− and Cl− ions resulted in up to 26% reduction in As(V) removal. Fitness of the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms to As(V) adsorption data suggested that both mono- and multi-layer adsorption processes occurred. BC-ZVI showed superior performance by demonstrating the highest Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity (26.52 mg g−1), followed by DPBC, BC-SiO2, and commercial activated carbon (AC) (7.33, 5.22, and 3.28 mg g−1, respectively). Blockage of pores with silica particles in BC-SiO2 resulted in lower As(V) removal than that of DPBC. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model fitted well with the As(V) adsorption data (R2 = 0.99), while the Elovich, intraparticle diffusion, and power function models showed a moderate fitness (R2 = 0.53–0.93). The dynamics of As(V) adsorption onto the tested adsorbents exhibited the highest adsorption rates for BC-ZVI. As(V) adsorption onto the tested adsorbents was confirmed through post-adsorption FTIR, SEM-EDS, and XRD analyses. Adsorption of As(V) onto DPBC, BC-SiO2, and AC followed electrostatic interactions, surface complexation, and intraparticle diffusion, whereas, these mechanisms were further abetted by the higher surface area, nano-sized structure, and redox reactions of BC-ZVI.
Munir Ahmad; Adel R.A. Usman; Qaiser Hussain; Abdullah S.F. Al-Farraj; Yiu Fai Tsang; Jochen Bundschuh; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Fabrication and evaluation of silica embedded and zerovalent iron composited biochars for arsenate removal from water. Environmental Pollution 2020, 266, 115256 .
AMA StyleMunir Ahmad, Adel R.A. Usman, Qaiser Hussain, Abdullah S.F. Al-Farraj, Yiu Fai Tsang, Jochen Bundschuh, Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Fabrication and evaluation of silica embedded and zerovalent iron composited biochars for arsenate removal from water. Environmental Pollution. 2020; 266 ():115256.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMunir Ahmad; Adel R.A. Usman; Qaiser Hussain; Abdullah S.F. Al-Farraj; Yiu Fai Tsang; Jochen Bundschuh; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. 2020. "Fabrication and evaluation of silica embedded and zerovalent iron composited biochars for arsenate removal from water." Environmental Pollution 266, no. : 115256.
In the present work, the olive mill solid waste (OMSW)-derived biochar (BC) was produced at various pyrolytic temperatures (300–700°C) and characterized to investigate its potential negative versus positive application effects on pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and nutrients (P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) availability in a calcareous loamy sand soil. Therefore, a greenhouse pot experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) was conducted using treatments consisting of a control (CK), inorganic fertilizer of NPK (INF), and 1% and 3% (w/w) of OMSW-derived BCs. The results showed that BC yield, volatile matter, functional groups, and zeta potential decreased with pyrolytic temperature, whereas BC pH, EC, and its contents of ash and fixed carbon increased with pyrolytic temperature. The changes in the BC properties with increasing pyrolytic temperatures reflected on soil pH, EC and the performance of soil nutrients availability. The BC application, especially with increasing pyrolytic temperature and/or application rate, significantly increased soil pH, EC, NH4OAc-extractable K, Na, Ca, and Mg, and ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA)-extractable Fe and Zn, while AB-DTPA-extractable Mn decreased. The application of 1% and 3% BC, respectively, increased the NH4OAc-extractable K by 2.5 and 5.2-fold for BC300, by 3.2 and 8.0-fold for BC500, and by 3.3 and 8.9-fold for BC700 compared with that of untreated soil. The results also showed significant increase in shoot content of K, Na, and Zn, while there was significant decrease in shoot content of P, Ca, Mg, and Mn. Furthermore, no significant effects were observed for maize growth as a result of BC addition. In conclusion, OMSW-derived BC can potentially have positive effects on the enhancement of soil K availability and its plant content but it reduced shoot nutrients, especially for P, Ca, Mg, and Mn; therefore, application of OMSW-derived BC to calcareous soil might be restricted.
Azzaz Alazzaz; Adel R. A. Usman; Munir Ahmad; Hesham Ibrahim; Jamal Elfaki; Abdelazeem S. Sallam; Mutair A. Akanji; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Potential short-term negative versus positive effects of olive mill-derived biochar on nutrient availability in a calcareous loamy sand soil. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0232811 .
AMA StyleAzzaz Alazzaz, Adel R. A. Usman, Munir Ahmad, Hesham Ibrahim, Jamal Elfaki, Abdelazeem S. Sallam, Mutair A. Akanji, Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Potential short-term negative versus positive effects of olive mill-derived biochar on nutrient availability in a calcareous loamy sand soil. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (7):e0232811.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzzaz Alazzaz; Adel R. A. Usman; Munir Ahmad; Hesham Ibrahim; Jamal Elfaki; Abdelazeem S. Sallam; Mutair A. Akanji; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. 2020. "Potential short-term negative versus positive effects of olive mill-derived biochar on nutrient availability in a calcareous loamy sand soil." PLOS ONE 15, no. 7: e0232811.
In this study, a greenhouse pot experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) was conducted using treatments consisting of a control (CK), inorganic fertilizer of NPK (INF), and 1% and 3% (wt/wt) of olive mill solid waste (OMSW)-derived biochar (BC) at various pyrolytic temperatures (300–700 °C). The goal was to investigate potential negative versus positive effects of BC on pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and nutrient (P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) availability in a calcareous loamy sandy soil. The results showed that application of OMSW-derived BC, especially with increasing pyrolysis temperature and/or application rate, significantly increased soil pH, EC, NH4OAc-extractable K, Na, Ca, and Mg, and ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA)-extractable Fe and Zn, while AB-DTPA-extractable Mn decreased. The application of 1% and 3% BC, respectively, increased the NH4OAc-extractable K by 2.5 and 5.2-fold for BC300, by 3.2 and 8.0-fold for BC500, and by 3.3 and 8.9-fold for BC700 compared with that of untreated soil. The results also showed significant increases in shoot content of K, Na, and Zn, while there were significant decreases in shoot content of P, Ca, Mg, and Mn. Furthermore, no significant effects were observed for growth of maize plants as a result of biochar BC addition. In conclusion, OMSW-derived BC can potentially have positive effects on the enhancement of soil K availability and its plant content but it reduced shoot nutrients, specifically P, Ca, Mg, and Mn; therefore, application of OMSW-derived BC to calcareous soil might be restricted.
Azzaz Alazzaz; Adel R. A. Usman; Munir Ahmad; Jamal Elfaki; Abdelazeem S. Sallam; Hesham Ibrahim; Mutair A. Akanji; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Potential short-term negative versus positive effects of olive mill-derived biochar on nutrient availability in a calcareous loamy sandy soil. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleAzzaz Alazzaz, Adel R. A. Usman, Munir Ahmad, Jamal Elfaki, Abdelazeem S. Sallam, Hesham Ibrahim, Mutair A. Akanji, Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Potential short-term negative versus positive effects of olive mill-derived biochar on nutrient availability in a calcareous loamy sandy soil. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzzaz Alazzaz; Adel R. A. Usman; Munir Ahmad; Jamal Elfaki; Abdelazeem S. Sallam; Hesham Ibrahim; Mutair A. Akanji; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. 2020. "Potential short-term negative versus positive effects of olive mill-derived biochar on nutrient availability in a calcareous loamy sandy soil." , no. : 1.
Mesquite and fishbone were pyrolyzed to produce biochar (MBC and FBC, respectively) at different temperatures. The effects of the MBC and FBC on the removal of single and competitive metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) from aqueous solutions were evaluated. A greenhouse pot experiment was also conducted using wheat plants with the mining-contaminated soils. In the presence of MBC or FBC (dosages of 15 and 30 g kg−1), the bioavailability of co-existing Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe were assessed. The results clearly indicated competitive adsorption among metals with the highest adsorption preference toward Pb. The removal efficiency and partition coefficient (PC) values of heavy metals for FBCs were higher than those for MBCs. These two values increased with MBC pyrolysis temperature under both single- and multi-metals adsorption conditions. Applying FBC to mining soil resulted in the highest reduction in most NH4NO3-extractable heavy metals, reducing their availability to wheat plants. At the highest application dosage of 30 g kg−1, the highest metal immobilization, which accounted for 40.0% and 43.0% for Pb, 61.7% and 66.2% for Cu, 48.3% and 55.6% for Zn, and 32.7% and 33.8% for Cd, was achieved following the application of FBC400 and FBC600, respectively. However, applying MBC lead to a significant reduction in the availability of Cu and Pb but not that of Zn and Cd. FBC is thus more effective in removing heavy metal from aqueous solutions, as well as in immobilizing co-existing heavy metals in contaminated mining soil. It could, therefore, be an effective sorbent and immobilizing agent.
Yassir Abdin; Adel Usman; Yong Sik Ok; Yiu Fai Tsang; Mohammad Al-Wabel. Competitive sorption and availability of coexisting heavy metals in mining-contaminated soil: Contrasting effects of mesquite and fishbone biochars. Environmental Research 2019, 181, 108846 .
AMA StyleYassir Abdin, Adel Usman, Yong Sik Ok, Yiu Fai Tsang, Mohammad Al-Wabel. Competitive sorption and availability of coexisting heavy metals in mining-contaminated soil: Contrasting effects of mesquite and fishbone biochars. Environmental Research. 2019; 181 ():108846.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYassir Abdin; Adel Usman; Yong Sik Ok; Yiu Fai Tsang; Mohammad Al-Wabel. 2019. "Competitive sorption and availability of coexisting heavy metals in mining-contaminated soil: Contrasting effects of mesquite and fishbone biochars." Environmental Research 181, no. : 108846.
Natural clay sediments were collected from ten different localities in Saudi Arabia (S-1 from eastern, S-2 to S-4 from middle and S-5 to S-10 from western regions), characterized and evaluated for their efficiency towards chlortetracycline (CTC) removal from aqueous solutions. Sediment S-4 exhibited highest surface area (288.5 m2 g-1), followed by S-5, S-9, and S-1 (252.1, 249.6, and 110.4 m2 g-1, respectively). Sediments S-5, S-9, S-2, and S-4 showed the highest cation exchange capacities (CEC) (62.33, 56.54, 52.72, and 46.85 cmol kg-1, respectively). The pH range of 3.5–5.5 was optimum for the highest CTC removal. Freundlich model was best fitted to CTC sorption data (R2 = 0.96–0.99), followed by Dubinin-Radushkevich model (R2 = 0.89–0.97). The sediments S-4, S-5, and S-9 exhibited the highest CTC removal efficiency (98.80 – 99.05%), which could be due to higher smectite and kaolinite contents, CEC, surface area and layered structure. Post-sorption XRD patterns shown new peaks and peak shifts confirming the sorption of CTC. Electrostatic interactions, interlayer sorption and H–π bonding were the potential CTC sorption mechanisms. Therefore, natural clay sediments with high sorption capacities could efficiently remove CTC from contaminated aqueous media.
Mohammad I. Al-Wabel; Munir Ahmad; Adel Usman; Abdulazeem S. Sallam; Qaiser Hussain; Ridwan B. Binyameen; Muhammed R. Shehu; Yong Sik Ok. Evaluating the efficiency of different natural clay sediments for the removal of chlortetracycline from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2019, 384, 121500 .
AMA StyleMohammad I. Al-Wabel, Munir Ahmad, Adel Usman, Abdulazeem S. Sallam, Qaiser Hussain, Ridwan B. Binyameen, Muhammed R. Shehu, Yong Sik Ok. Evaluating the efficiency of different natural clay sediments for the removal of chlortetracycline from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2019; 384 ():121500.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad I. Al-Wabel; Munir Ahmad; Adel Usman; Abdulazeem S. Sallam; Qaiser Hussain; Ridwan B. Binyameen; Muhammed R. Shehu; Yong Sik Ok. 2019. "Evaluating the efficiency of different natural clay sediments for the removal of chlortetracycline from aqueous solutions." Journal of Hazardous Materials 384, no. : 121500.
Tannery waste–contaminated soil has a high amount of several toxic chemicals and heavy metals including chromium (Cr), which makes it unsuitable for agriculture practices. Majority of studies have reported the use of biochar (BC) as an amendment to restore contaminated soil. The efficiency of BC to immobilize Cr depends on its pretreatment and feedstock. This study aimed to investigate the potential of using BC for Cr immobilization and reducing its availability to maize plants in tannery waste–contaminated soil. The effect of BC on plant growth and heavy metal (Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe, and Mn) contents of maize shoots was also investigated. The soil was collected from landfill areas of Riyadh city (N 24° 25′, E 46° 34′). BCs were produced by pyrolyzing jujube (Ziziphus spina-christi) leaves (JL) and manure (M) waste at 300 and 700 °C. Collected soil and produced materials were characterized physically and chemically by following standard procedure. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with unamended tannery waste–contaminated soil and soil amended with the obtained BCs (JLBC-300, JLBC-700, MBC-300, and MBC-700) at an application rate of 50 g kg−1 and cultivated with maize (Zea mays L.). Before cultivation, soil-soluble Cr was measured in five leachate cycles. Dry matter and heavy metal (Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, Fe, and Mn) contents of maize shoots were measured after harvesting. The results show that BCs produced at 700 °C showed the highest decrease in the concentrations of soil-soluble Cr and reduced its cumulative concentrations in soil leachates by about 93% and 59.0% for MBC-700 and JLBC-700 compared with the control soil, respectively. Overall, the highest decrease in cumulative soluble Cr was pronounced for MBC-700 followed by JLBC-700. For heavy metal contents in shoots, Cr concentrations were under detection limit in all treatments. However, BC amendments showed significant differences from the control for Cu, Mn, and Fe. From findings, it could be concluded that application of BCs pyrolyzed at 700 °C (especially for MBC-700) could be used as an amendment for reducing Cr mobility in tannery waste–contaminated soil and may create favorable conditions for crop production.
Muhammad Imran Rafique; Adel R. A. Usman; Munir Ahmad; Abdelazeem Sallam; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. In situ immobilization of Cr and its availability to maize plants in tannery waste–contaminated soil: effects of biochar feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. Journal of Soils and Sediments 2019, 20, 330 -339.
AMA StyleMuhammad Imran Rafique, Adel R. A. Usman, Munir Ahmad, Abdelazeem Sallam, Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. In situ immobilization of Cr and its availability to maize plants in tannery waste–contaminated soil: effects of biochar feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 2019; 20 (1):330-339.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Imran Rafique; Adel R. A. Usman; Munir Ahmad; Abdelazeem Sallam; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. 2019. "In situ immobilization of Cr and its availability to maize plants in tannery waste–contaminated soil: effects of biochar feedstock and pyrolysis temperature." Journal of Soils and Sediments 20, no. 1: 330-339.
Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that has a strong impact on global warming. Several technologies have been developed for capturing CO2 to mitigate the greenhouse effect. The objective of this research was to investigate the performance of several sorbents based on dry water and porous carbon materials for capturing CO2. Seven sorbents were prepared and comparatively evaluated for their CO2 capture capabilities: (i) Conocarpus biochar (CBC); (ii) commercial activated carbon (CAC); (iii) normal dry water (NDW); (iv) K2CO3-treated CBC (TCBC); (v) K2CO3-modified dry water (MDW); (vi) MDW and 2% TCBC (MDWTCBC); and (vii) MDW and 2% activated carbon (MDWCAC). The sorption process was carried out with initial CO2 concentration of 5.7%, temperature of 25 °C, feed gas flow rate of 0.5 l min-1 and a pressure of 1.0 bar. The pure CO2 was mixed with O2 or N2 to achieve the desired inlet concentration of CO2. The CO2 adsorption capacity and partition coefficient (PC) of the tested sorbents were evaluated at 5% and 100% breakthrough (BT). The results showed a longer breakthrough and equilibrium adsorption times for CO2 when mixed with N2 than with O2. Among all sorbents, both CAC and CBC showed enhanced CO2 capture performance with equilibrium (100% BT) adsorption capacities of 239 and 197 mg g-1, respectively (in terms of PC: 1.0 × 10-3 and 7.9 × 10-4 mol kg-1 Pa-1, respectively). In contrast, the performance of TCBC and the dry water-based sorbents was far lower than CAC or CBC. The CO2 adsorption data fitted well to the non-linearized form of the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The Fourier-transform infrared spectral patterns indicated that the reaction of CO2 molecules with the hydroxyl groups of sorbents is possible through the formation of chemisorbed CO2 species. It could be concluded that the activation process did not play a role in increasing the CO2 capture performance in order to form new active sorption sites. However, Conocarpus biochar can be used as efficient sorbent for CO2 capture with a better performance than other materials tested previously (e.g., activated carbon).
Mohammad Al-Wabel; Jamal Elfaki; Adel Usman; Qaiser Hussain; Yong Sik Ok. Performance of dry water- and porous carbon-based sorbents for carbon dioxide capture. Environmental Research 2019, 174, 69 -79.
AMA StyleMohammad Al-Wabel, Jamal Elfaki, Adel Usman, Qaiser Hussain, Yong Sik Ok. Performance of dry water- and porous carbon-based sorbents for carbon dioxide capture. Environmental Research. 2019; 174 ():69-79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Al-Wabel; Jamal Elfaki; Adel Usman; Qaiser Hussain; Yong Sik Ok. 2019. "Performance of dry water- and porous carbon-based sorbents for carbon dioxide capture." Environmental Research 174, no. : 69-79.
A short-term incubation experiment (30-day) was conducted using a calcareous sandy loam soil (having pH of 7.65 and CaCO3 of 16.8) amended with urea (U) at application rate of 360 kg N ha−1 in the presence and absence of biochars (BCs) produced from date palm waste at two pyrolysis temperatures of 300 (BC300) and 500 °C (BC500) with application rate of (0 and 45 Mg ha−1) at different incubation temperatures of 15, 25, and 35 °C to investigate their short-term effects on soil ammonia (NH3-N) volatilization and different forms of nitrogen (N) transformation. The results showed that applying BC300 had 23.1% and 12.5% and 10.2% significant (P = 0.05) lower cumulative NH3-N volatilization than U treatment at incubation temperatures of 15, 25, and 35 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, applying high pyrolysis temperature BC (BC500) showed significant (P = 0.05) lower cumulative NH3-N volatilization only at 15 °C, which accounted for 21.9% lower than U treatment. The concentrations of ammonium (NH4-N) in the soil increased with the progress of incubation time and reached the maximum peak at days 3–15 of incubation. With the progress of incubation time, BC300-treated soil showed a higher concentration of NH4-N and ammonification rate than those of other treatments (U and U + BC500); however, BCs did not show significant effects on NO3-N concentration and nitrification rate. Hence, integrated use of urea and biochar pyrolyzed at 300 °C having acidic functional groups and high content of total acidity may serve as an efficient fertilization strategy for minimizing NH3-N volatilization and enhancing the available form of N in calcareous soils from an arid environment.
Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. A short-term effect of date palm biochars on NH3 volatilization and N transformation in calcareous sandy loam soil. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 2019, 12, 1 -11.
AMA StyleMohammad I. Al-Wabel. A short-term effect of date palm biochars on NH3 volatilization and N transformation in calcareous sandy loam soil. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2019; 12 (12):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad I. Al-Wabel. 2019. "A short-term effect of date palm biochars on NH3 volatilization and N transformation in calcareous sandy loam soil." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 12, no. 12: 1-11.
The prevalence of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in various environmental compartments is posing a serious health risks to all kinds of lives on the planet. The levels of OMPs such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, antibiotics, pesticides, contraceptive medicines, and personal care products in water bodies are increasing with each passing day. It is an urgent need of time to limit the release of OMPs into the environment, and to remove the prevailing OMPs for sustainable environmental management. The majority of the conventional means of water decontamination are either inefficient or expensive. However, due to nanosize, high surface area, and hollow and layered structure, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) serve as excellent sorbents for the removal of a diverse range of OMPs. The occurrence of emerging OMPs and their detrimental effects on human and animal health are collected and discussed in this review. The characteristics and efficacy of various CNTs (pristine and modified) for the efficient removal of different OMPs, and the removal mechanisms have been reviewed and discussed. The literature demonstrated that adsorption of OMPs onto CNTs is very complicated and rely on multiple factors including the properties of adsorbent and the adsorbate as well as solution chemistry. It was found that H–bonding, electrostatic interactions, van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions, H-π bongs, and π-π interactions were the major mechanisms responsible for the adsorption of OMPs onto various kinds of CNTs. Despite of higher affinities for OMPs, hydrophobicity and higher costs restrain the practical application of CNTs for wastewater treatment on large scale. However, continuous production may lead to the development of cost-effective, efficient and eco-friendly CTNs technology for wastewater treatments in future.
Jahangir Ahmad; Shoaib Naeem; Munir Ahmad; Adel R.A. Usman; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. A critical review on organic micropollutants contamination in wastewater and removal through carbon nanotubes. Journal of Environmental Management 2019, 246, 214 -228.
AMA StyleJahangir Ahmad, Shoaib Naeem, Munir Ahmad, Adel R.A. Usman, Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. A critical review on organic micropollutants contamination in wastewater and removal through carbon nanotubes. Journal of Environmental Management. 2019; 246 ():214-228.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJahangir Ahmad; Shoaib Naeem; Munir Ahmad; Adel R.A. Usman; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. 2019. "A critical review on organic micropollutants contamination in wastewater and removal through carbon nanotubes." Journal of Environmental Management 246, no. : 214-228.
Date palm waste–derived biochar (DBC) was produced through pyrolysis (600 °C) and modified with zeolite (Z-DBC), silica (S-DBC), or nano-zerovalent iron (nZVI-DBC) to design efficient sorbents. The pristine and engineered biochars were characterized by SEM, XRD, BET, TGA, CHNS-O, and FTIR to investigate the surface, structural, and mineralogical composition. The nZVI-DBC exhibited lowest pH (6.15) and highest surface area (220.92 m2 g−1), carbon (80.55%), nitrogen (3.78%), and hydrogen (11.09%) contents compared with other biochars. Isotherm sorption data for chlortetracycline (CTC) removal from aqueous solutions was described well by Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson isotherms showing the highest fitness (R2 values in the range of 0.88–0.98 and 0.88–0.99, respectively). Langmuir predicted maximum CTC adsorption capacity was in order of nZVI-DBC (89.05 mg g−1) > S-DBC (45.57 mg g−1) > Z-DBC (30.42 mg g−1) > DBC (28.19 mg g−1). Kinetics adsorption data was best described by power function model (R2 = 0.93–0.99), followed by interaparticle diffusion (R2 = 0.85–0.96) model. The nZVI-DBC performed outclass by removing 98% of CTC, followed by S-DBC (68%), Z-DBC (35%), and DBC (36%). Chemisorption, H-bonding, and interaparticle diffusion were the operating mechanisms for CTC adsorption onto DBC, S-DBC, and Z-DBC, while π-π electron donor–accepter interactions and redox reactions augmented these mechanisms for highest CTC adsorption onto nZVI-DBC. Therefore, nZVI-DBC may serve as an efficient green technology for the removal of CTC from aqueous solutions and to reduce surface date palm waste pollution.
Munir Ahmad; Adel R. A. Usman; Muhammad Imran Rafique; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Engineered biochar composites with zeolite, silica, and nano-zerovalent iron for the efficient scavenging of chlortetracycline from aqueous solutions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2019, 26, 15136 -15152.
AMA StyleMunir Ahmad, Adel R. A. Usman, Muhammad Imran Rafique, Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Engineered biochar composites with zeolite, silica, and nano-zerovalent iron for the efficient scavenging of chlortetracycline from aqueous solutions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 26 (15):15136-15152.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMunir Ahmad; Adel R. A. Usman; Muhammad Imran Rafique; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. 2019. "Engineered biochar composites with zeolite, silica, and nano-zerovalent iron for the efficient scavenging of chlortetracycline from aqueous solutions." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 15: 15136-15152.
Environmental management through effective utilization of biowastes has been a topic of intensive research in recent years. This study examines the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the physical and morphological characteristic of biochar (BC) derived from lignocellulosic wastes. The biochar was prepared by pyrolysing date palm biomass at various temperatures, i.e., 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 °C. These pyrolysed biochars were then characterized for their carbon content, mineral compositions, chemical functionalities, and morphological structures, for understanding their physicochemical characteristics and microstructural evolution. It was revealed that the pyrolytic condition plays a key role in the formation of biochar microstructure. These biochar samples were then utilized without any further treatments/purifications for their practical application as reinforcement materials for polymer composites. They were blended with a polypropylene matrix by a melt mixing technique followed by injection molding process. The type of biochar was found to significantly affect the composites properties. Differences in microstructure, surface chemistry, and chemical compositions of BCs were observed to be determining factors affecting the compatibility and thermomechanical properties of resulted composites.
Ahmed Y. Elnour; Abdulaziz A. Alghyamah; Hamid M. Shaikh; Anesh M. Poulose; Saeed M. Al-Zahrani; Arfat Anis; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Microstructural Evolution, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Its Influence on Biochar/Polypropylene Composites. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 1149 .
AMA StyleAhmed Y. Elnour, Abdulaziz A. Alghyamah, Hamid M. Shaikh, Anesh M. Poulose, Saeed M. Al-Zahrani, Arfat Anis, Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Microstructural Evolution, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Its Influence on Biochar/Polypropylene Composites. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (6):1149.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAhmed Y. Elnour; Abdulaziz A. Alghyamah; Hamid M. Shaikh; Anesh M. Poulose; Saeed M. Al-Zahrani; Arfat Anis; Mohammad I. Al-Wabel. 2019. "Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on Biochar Microstructural Evolution, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Its Influence on Biochar/Polypropylene Composites." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6: 1149.