Kidney diseases are a group of conditions related to the functioning of kidneys, which are in turn unable to properly filter waste and excessive fluids from the blood, resulting in the presence of dangerous levels of electrolytes, fluids, and waste substances in the human body, possibly leading to significant health effects. At the same time, the toxins amassing in the organism can lead to significant changes in breath composition, resulting in halitosis with peculiar features like the popular ammonia breath. Starting from this evidence, scientists have started to work on systems that can detect the presence of kidney diseases using a minimally invasive approach, minimizing the burden to the individuals, albeit providing clinicians with useful information about the disease’s presence or its main related features. The electronic nose (e-nose) is one of such tools, and its applications in this specific domain represent the core of the present review, performed on articles published in the last 20 years on humans to stay updated with the latest technological advancements, and conducted under the PRISMA guidelines. This review focuses not only on the chemical and physical principles of detection of such compounds (mainly ammonia), but also on the most popular data processing approaches adopted by the research community (mainly those relying on Machine Learning), to draw exhaustive conclusions about the state of the art and to figure out possible cues for future developments in the field.

The concept of Industry 5.0 is novel from many points of view, as it fosters the transition to a sustainable, human-centric, resilient European industry. To reach this ambitious goal, it is necessary to act simultaneously on many fronts, starting from guaranteeing basic human rights (e.g., privacy, independence, and dignity) and paying attention to the circular economy and energy efficiency. Despite being difficult to adopt in its general formulation, this concept can be scaled up to specific fields, thus producing increased value with repercussions to the whole industrial process. The winemaking industry puts Italy at the forefront globally, as it is also among the key components of the whole national agrifood/agritech value chain. However, the Italian winemaking industry is quite fragmented, with a heterogeneous mix of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and with large companies having opposite approaches to the production process, both in terms of involvement of human resources and seasonality of efforts, due to the existing climate differences nationwide. This fact makes the adoption of common practices even harder but makes the benefits of projects promoting this process innovation more tangible. In such a framework, CANTINA 5.0 seeks to fill in this important gap, promoting the Industry 5.0 principles in a selected group of SMEs and large companies from two different Italian areas featuring different climate conditions and different seasonality, hence characterized by different wine harvesting periods and types of wine production. The present article deals with the description of this paradigm in its single parts, including the use of questionnaires and smart tools to detect the health and well-being state of factory workers and winemakers, the use of well-grounded (including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) and novel (e.g., based on the Internet-of-Things) environmental monitoring tools applied to the cellars/production departments, and the sensory analysis of the end-products, also leveraging the chemical and emotional characteristics of wines produced using the Industry 5.0 approach.

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) represent the most prevalent conditions among autoimmune bullous skin diseases, considered a major cause of severe morbidity and, in certain cases, mortality. The hallmark of the two diseases is the presence of autoantibodies directed against proteins located in the basement membrane of the skin, which determines the formation of blisters. In recent years, interest in the role of microbiota in relation to health-disease status has progressively increased. In particular, based on the gut–skin axis, accumulating evidence has emerged on the potential association between the composition and diversity of microbial communities in the gut, skin, and even in the oral cavity and the risk of developing BP and PV. Dysbiosis, characterized by a generally higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and a depletion of probiotics/beneficial species, might contribute to the pathogenesis of both diseases. Despite the still limited number of studies and the need for further large-scale multicenter studies, the knowledge gathered so far is suggestive of a novel modifiable risk factor representing a potential target for adjuvant treatments of these disabling and life-threatening conditions.

Aging involves progressive changes in sensory perception, appetite regulation, and metabolic flexibility, which together affect dietary intake, nutrient adequacy, and health-related outcomes. Meanwhile, current wearable technologies allow continuous, minimally invasive monitoring of physiological and behavioral markers relevant to metabolic health, such as physical activity, sleep, heart rate variability, glycemic patterns, and so forth. However, digital nutrition approaches have largely focused on physiological signals while underutilizing the sensory dimensions of eating—taste, smell, texture, and hedonic response—that strongly drive dietary intake and adherence. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on the following: (1) age-related sensory changes and their nutritional consequences, (2) metabolic adaptation and markers of resilience in older adults, and (3) current and emerging wearable technologies applicable to nutritional personalization. Following this, we propose an integrative framework linking subjective (implicit) sensory perception and objective (explicit) wearable-derived physiological responses into adaptive feedback loops to support personalized dietary strategies for healthy aging. In this light, we discuss practical applications, technological and methodological challenges, ethical considerations, and research priorities to validate and implement sensory–physiological integrated models. Merging together sensory science and wearable monitoring has the potential to enhance adherence, preserve nutritional status, and bolster metabolic resilience in aging populations, moving nutrition from one-size-fits-all prescriptions toward dynamic, person-centered, sensory-aware interventions.

From an evolutionary perspective, smell and taste are the oldest human senses. Despite this, other than chemical senses—particularly vision—are commonly regarded as the most powerful tools for interacting with our environment. Within such a frame, it has become a common belief that blind individuals, especially those who are congenitally blind, develop a compensatory sensory pattern, enhancing the power of their sense of smell. However, the literature results are unclear, mainly due to the heterogeneity of the study population and of the investigation methods. Emotional reactions to olfactory stimuli in blind individuals remain underexplored, primarily due to challenges in delivering stimuli in a standardized and unbiased manner suitable for quantitative assessment. In such a framework, the present pilot study sought to indirectly discover the emotional responses of blind individuals to a specific class of sensory stimuli through the application of wearable sensors for capturing electrocardiographic (ECG) signals and galvanic skin response (GSR). Tonic GSR varied in blind individuals (p < 0.001), but not in controls. Notably, variations were observed between Baseline and Odor 1 (p = 0.002), Odors 1 and 2 (p = 0.003), Odors 2 and 3 (p = 0.003), and on the GSR phasic peak between Baseline and Odor 1 (p = 0.001). No differences were observed for ECG; however, blind individuals’ heart rate correlated with reported pleasantness (r = 0.436, p = 0.005). In light of the different patterns retrieved across stimulus responses, particularly in the GSR signal features, the comparison with a group of non-visually impaired peers shed light on the peculiarities in the psychophysiological responses of blind individuals, with potential use for tailored treatments for the improvement of well-being or, in some cases, for practical applications fostering social inclusion for affected subjects.

Wine represents one of the most complex food matrices from a sensory perspective, as its appreciation emerges from the interaction between chemical composition, perceptual mechanisms, and contextual influences. Contemporary research in oenology and sensory science increasingly recognizes wine evaluation as an integrated perceptual event shaped by cognition, memory, and affect, rather than a simple response to aroma or flavor cues. Live music is widely used in hospitality settings to enhance consumer experience; however, its specific influence on wine appreciation and emotional responses remains insufficiently explored, particularly in real-world contexts. This study investigates how two contrasting musical atmospheres—melancholic/relaxing and upbeat/motivational—modulate hedonic evaluations and emotional profiles during public wine tastings, compared with a no-music condition. Data were collected across five live tasting events (5 Wednesdays of Emotions) using structured questionnaires that included hedonic ratings and multidimensional emotional measures. Statistical analyses were conducted using non-parametric tests, meta-analytic p-value combination, and cumulative link mixed models for ordinal data. The presence of music significantly enhanced overall wine appreciation compared to the silent condition, although the magnitude and direction of the effect varied across individuals and musical styles. Upbeat/motivational music generally produced stronger and more consistent increases in liking than melancholic/relaxing music. Emotional responses—particularly positive surprise—emerged as key mediators of hedonic improvement and showed strong associations with overall liking. Preference profiling revealed distinct response patterns, indicating that auditory modulation of wine perception is not uniform across consumers. These findings support a crossmodal interpretation in which music shapes wine appreciation primarily through emotion-based and expectancy-related mechanisms rather than through direct sensory enhancement. By demonstrating these effects in ecologically valid tasting environments, the study highlights the role of auditory context as a meaningful component of multisensory wine experiences.