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Dr. Timothy Lee is a Professor at the Macau University of Science and Technology (MUST) in Macao and an Adjunct Professor at the Griffith Institute for Tourism (GIFT) at Griffith University, Australia. His research interests include medical/wellness/health tourism, ethnic identity issues in the tourism industry, cultural heritage tourism, and tourism development that incorporates East Asian values. He has published more than 220 research articles in academic journals (80+ in SSCI-indexed journals), books, and conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of ten leading academic journals including Tourism Management, and Journal of Travel Research. His personal website is www.proftimothylee.org.
This article aims to examine an integrative model of historical nostalgia, brand authenticity, brand attachment, and brand equity based on the case of the Shaolin Temple, a heritage destination in China. The discussion is based on 470 responses collected from visitors to the historical place. The results demonstrate the positive mediating effect of brand authenticity and brand attachment on historical nostalgia and destination brand equity. This study contributes to the literature constructing the brand equity of heritage tourism destination by investigating the positive role of historical nostalgia. It helps heritage tourism stakeholders implement policies on brand authenticity and brand attachment.
Xiaohua Chen; Eun Sue You; Timothy J. Lee; Xiubai Li. The influence of historical nostalgia on a heritage destination's brand authenticity, brand attachment, and brand equity. International Journal of Tourism Research 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleXiaohua Chen, Eun Sue You, Timothy J. Lee, Xiubai Li. The influence of historical nostalgia on a heritage destination's brand authenticity, brand attachment, and brand equity. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXiaohua Chen; Eun Sue You; Timothy J. Lee; Xiubai Li. 2021. "The influence of historical nostalgia on a heritage destination's brand authenticity, brand attachment, and brand equity." International Journal of Tourism Research , no. : 1.
This study investigates the dialectical relationship between authenticity and alienation in intangible cultural heritage (ICH) tourism studies, based on an evaluation of the role cultural values play in the provision of tourism in China. Data were obtained via a multi-phase, mixed-method project derived from specific respondents. An examination of chorus tourism performances in the Zhaoxing Dong Villages allows for insight into the subjective authenticity of the practitioners of ICH performances. The study has implications for tourism marketing that seeks to understand the authenticity issues on the supply side of ICH tourism.
Yang Zhang; Timothy J. Lee. Alienation and authenticity in intangible cultural heritage tourism production. International Journal of Tourism Research 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleYang Zhang, Timothy J. Lee. Alienation and authenticity in intangible cultural heritage tourism production. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang Zhang; Timothy J. Lee. 2021. "Alienation and authenticity in intangible cultural heritage tourism production." International Journal of Tourism Research , no. : 1.
This study aims to evaluate the economic value of urban forests that are used as daily leisure spaces in cities, focusing on the healing value for tourists associated with their public health and environmental functions. To this end, an onsite survey of residents was conducted in Seoul, Korea. In real-world scenarios, willingness-to-pay (WTP) is associated with building a preservation fund and in this case is US$27 per capita per year, and the total fund value obtained is US$530 million, depending on whether the calculation is made using mean WTP or truncated WTP. The findings of this study suggest that urban residents determine the preservation value of urban forests according to how they feel about them. This is in terms of their restorative effect, their ability to absorb particulate matter, and the recreational satisfaction that they bring. The findings also imply that the healing functions of urban forests used mainly as leisure spaces for health promotion reasons are directly reflected in their preservation value. On the other hand, the fact that policies related to the new environmental paradigm (NEP) were found to be insignificant in all three scenarios suggests that it is necessary to educate urban residents about the environmental function of urban forests.
Jinok Susanna Kim; Timothy J. Lee; Sunghyup Sean Hyun. Estimating the economic value of urban forest parks: Focusing on restorative experiences and environmental concerns. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 2021, 20, 100603 .
AMA StyleJinok Susanna Kim, Timothy J. Lee, Sunghyup Sean Hyun. Estimating the economic value of urban forest parks: Focusing on restorative experiences and environmental concerns. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management. 2021; 20 ():100603.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJinok Susanna Kim; Timothy J. Lee; Sunghyup Sean Hyun. 2021. "Estimating the economic value of urban forest parks: Focusing on restorative experiences and environmental concerns." Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 20, no. : 100603.
The aim of this study is to increase understanding of the relationship between brand equity and individual cultural values in the marketing strategies of global restaurant brands. The study developed three research models and investigated global brand equity from the perspective that global brand equity has an impact on individual cultural values. The three models were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. The findings indicate that both cognitive process and the social process of brand equity have an effect on cultural values. In particular, social process elements such as brand prestige and brand identification can reduce the risk of consumer uncertainty. This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between global restaurant brand equity and individual cultural values, and the hierarchy of individual cultural values that has not, to the best of our knowledge, been explored in previous research.
Sung Ho Han; Cheng-Hao Steve Chen; Timothy J. Lee. The interaction between individual cultural values and the cognitive and social processes of global restaurant brand equity. International Journal of Hospitality Management 2021, 94, 102847 .
AMA StyleSung Ho Han, Cheng-Hao Steve Chen, Timothy J. Lee. The interaction between individual cultural values and the cognitive and social processes of global restaurant brand equity. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 2021; 94 ():102847.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSung Ho Han; Cheng-Hao Steve Chen; Timothy J. Lee. 2021. "The interaction between individual cultural values and the cognitive and social processes of global restaurant brand equity." International Journal of Hospitality Management 94, no. : 102847.
This paper examines the types of habitus possessed by wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migrants in China and locates the capital they receive from this within the appropriate field relations. Bourdieu's field theory on habitus, capital, and relationships was applied in an ethnographic survey of Poyue village, Guangxi Autonomous Region, in China. The paper identifies the capitals related to the field relationships that determine and structure interaction in a destination community. This analysis reveals the relationships between wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migrants and other stakeholders from micro, meso, and macro perspectives. Conclusions and suggestions are presented for policymakers and future researchers to utilize.
Yang Zhang; Zi‐Xiao Lin; Timothy J. Lee. Wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migration: A field relationship study in China. International Journal of Tourism Research 2020, 23, 491 -503.
AMA StyleYang Zhang, Zi‐Xiao Lin, Timothy J. Lee. Wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migration: A field relationship study in China. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2020; 23 (4):491-503.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang Zhang; Zi‐Xiao Lin; Timothy J. Lee. 2020. "Wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migration: A field relationship study in China." International Journal of Tourism Research 23, no. 4: 491-503.
Yang Zhang; Yu Xiong; Timothy J. Lee. A culture-oriented model of consumers’ hedonic experiences in luxury hotels. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 2020, 45, 399 -409.
AMA StyleYang Zhang, Yu Xiong, Timothy J. Lee. A culture-oriented model of consumers’ hedonic experiences in luxury hotels. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 2020; 45 ():399-409.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang Zhang; Yu Xiong; Timothy J. Lee. 2020. "A culture-oriented model of consumers’ hedonic experiences in luxury hotels." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 45, no. : 399-409.
This study aims to: (a) identify the motivation to travel for medical reasons and the quality of the medical services received; and (b) examine the relationship between the quality of medical services and the attitudes held by tourists about these. It fills the gap in the literature by contributing to our knowledge of medical tourists' behavior. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed at 25 hospitals and travel agencies within Korea. The results deliver insightful messages in the fields of travel behavior and motivation in the medical tourism industry, and for health marketers and planners of medical tourism services.
Timothy J. Lee; Hyunsuk Lim; Dohee Kim. Relationships between the motivation of medical tourists and the quality of medical services. International Journal of Tourism Research 2020, 22, 693 -710.
AMA StyleTimothy J. Lee, Hyunsuk Lim, Dohee Kim. Relationships between the motivation of medical tourists and the quality of medical services. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2020; 22 (6):693-710.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTimothy J. Lee; Hyunsuk Lim; Dohee Kim. 2020. "Relationships between the motivation of medical tourists and the quality of medical services." International Journal of Tourism Research 22, no. 6: 693-710.
This study identifies the multidimensional scale of spiritual tourism among Chinese girlfriend getaway (GGA) tourists. The 379 questionnaires were distributed using convenience sampling at Wutai Mountain, one of the most important Buddhist sites in China. Through factor analysis and structural modeling, a six‐factor model that includes escapism, leisureliness, happiness, personal enrichment, nothingness, and sense of connection (27 items) is developed and validated. Using Buddhist destinations, the study discusses GGA tourism from the spiritual point of view and reveals the significance of this experience. Implications and limitations for theory and practice as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Yang Zhang; Kai‐Xin Shi; Timothy J. Lee. Chinese girlfriend getaway tourism in Buddhist destinations: Towards the construction of a gendered spirituality dimension. International Journal of Tourism Research 2020, 23, 1 -12.
AMA StyleYang Zhang, Kai‐Xin Shi, Timothy J. Lee. Chinese girlfriend getaway tourism in Buddhist destinations: Towards the construction of a gendered spirituality dimension. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2020; 23 (1):1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang Zhang; Kai‐Xin Shi; Timothy J. Lee. 2020. "Chinese girlfriend getaway tourism in Buddhist destinations: Towards the construction of a gendered spirituality dimension." International Journal of Tourism Research 23, no. 1: 1-12.
This study aims to identify the motivations of people travelling to North Korea, and to determine the effects these have on the travel decision‐making process. An on‐site survey was conducted with Chinese tourists in Dandong, China. The results of an exploratory factor analysis identified four motivation factors: red (communist identity), uniqueness, convenience, and escape. The results suggest that motivations for tourism to North Korea have at least a partial influence on attitudes. “Uniqueness” has the greatest impact on tourist attitudes, implying that the most powerful motive stimulating Chinese tourists to North Korea is their “curiosity” about that isolated society.
Jinok S. Kim; Timothy J. Lee; Nam‐Jo Kim. What motivates people to visit an unknown tourist destination? Applying an extended model of goal‐directed behavior. International Journal of Tourism Research 2020, 23, 13 -25.
AMA StyleJinok S. Kim, Timothy J. Lee, Nam‐Jo Kim. What motivates people to visit an unknown tourist destination? Applying an extended model of goal‐directed behavior. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2020; 23 (1):13-25.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJinok S. Kim; Timothy J. Lee; Nam‐Jo Kim. 2020. "What motivates people to visit an unknown tourist destination? Applying an extended model of goal‐directed behavior." International Journal of Tourism Research 23, no. 1: 13-25.
Favorable resident perceptions of the development of social capital resulting from hosting community-based tourism is an important issue for the Chinese authorities. This study aimed to develop and test a multidimensional scale to evaluate the perceived social impacts from tourism on social capital from sustainable community-based tourism in China. A questionnaire was distributed to host community residents (430) in Fanhe village, Guangdong Province. Analysis from this survey resulted in the development of a six-factor model incorporating 20 items in the six groups. This allowed the researchers to assess perceived social impacts on social capital: covering collective efficacy, community belonging, traditional social regulations, community cohesion, social networking, and community competence. The study reveals the multidimensional nature of perceived tourism social impacts on social capital in the Chinese tourism community and contributes to a better understanding of how residents view the social capital associated with community-based tourism as part of sustainable development.
Yang Zhang; Yu Xiong; Timothy J. Lee; Min Ye; Robin Nunkoo. Sociocultural Sustainability and the Formation of Social Capital from Community-based Tourism. Journal of Travel Research 2020, 60, 656 -669.
AMA StyleYang Zhang, Yu Xiong, Timothy J. Lee, Min Ye, Robin Nunkoo. Sociocultural Sustainability and the Formation of Social Capital from Community-based Tourism. Journal of Travel Research. 2020; 60 (3):656-669.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang Zhang; Yu Xiong; Timothy J. Lee; Min Ye; Robin Nunkoo. 2020. "Sociocultural Sustainability and the Formation of Social Capital from Community-based Tourism." Journal of Travel Research 60, no. 3: 656-669.
Health-oriented tourism has emerged as one of the fastest-growing niche tourism fields worldwide. Although there have been studies on the relationship between health and travel behavior, most have been from the perspective of travel motivation and have rarely examined the impact of travel on health. This study explores those travel elements that have a positive influence on health in the domestic health tourism industry, with health being viewed across three domains: psychological, physical, and social. A total of 28 health-contributing travel items reported by 862 package tour participants were analyzed. On the psychological health dimension, experiencing good feelings and escaping bad ones is important. On the physical wellness dimension, natural patterns of food intake during the day is strongly recognized, including the results of increased appetite and improved digestion. On the social health dimension, relationship improvements were experienced, along with a greater understanding of partner(s). These findings add to our understanding of traveler wellness, a significant step towards having the right information to enhance the quality of travel services, especially in the domestic health tourism industry.
Timothy J. Lee; Ji-Sook Han; Tae-Gyou Ko. Health-Oriented Tourists and Sustainable Domestic Tourism. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4988 .
AMA StyleTimothy J. Lee, Ji-Sook Han, Tae-Gyou Ko. Health-Oriented Tourists and Sustainable Domestic Tourism. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):4988.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTimothy J. Lee; Ji-Sook Han; Tae-Gyou Ko. 2020. "Health-Oriented Tourists and Sustainable Domestic Tourism." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 4988.
This study aims to interpret the relationships among the various actors (human including residents, tourists, artists, and so on, and non‐human environments including blogs, topographical features, and destination images) at a tourist site, in which those actors come together. Using the perspectives of actor‐network theory, the research observes how networks surrounding destinations are formed and changed by human and non‐human actors. It was discovered that once a tourism‐industry‐directed network had been newly introduced, the actors actively participated in network activities to achieve continuing benefits greater than those that would have been possible without this network.
Kyoungok Park; Sungwoo Park; Timothy J. Lee. Analysis of a spatial network from the perspective of actor‐network theory. International Journal of Tourism Research 2020, 22, 653 -665.
AMA StyleKyoungok Park, Sungwoo Park, Timothy J. Lee. Analysis of a spatial network from the perspective of actor‐network theory. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2020; 22 (5):653-665.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyoungok Park; Sungwoo Park; Timothy J. Lee. 2020. "Analysis of a spatial network from the perspective of actor‐network theory." International Journal of Tourism Research 22, no. 5: 653-665.
This article examines the impact of the use of photographs in online marketing for tourism through a case study based on Japanese-style inns. Nowadays, most Japanese-style inns present photographs of what they think are their key appealing elements on their own social networking and/or video/photo-sharing websites, while guests upload their photographs and write comments on travel or social networking websites and/or on the websites of e-travel agents. Through the medium of ‘netnography’, this research has identified that the photographs presented online by Japanese-style inns can affect decision-making processes of guests and/or expectations in both a positive and a negative way, and e-word of mouth can work together with the photographs to influence prospective guests.
Takamitsu Jimura; Timothy J Lee. The impact of photographs on the online marketing for tourism: The case of Japanese-style inns. Journal of Vacation Marketing 2020, 26, 354 -364.
AMA StyleTakamitsu Jimura, Timothy J Lee. The impact of photographs on the online marketing for tourism: The case of Japanese-style inns. Journal of Vacation Marketing. 2020; 26 (3):354-364.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakamitsu Jimura; Timothy J Lee. 2020. "The impact of photographs on the online marketing for tourism: The case of Japanese-style inns." Journal of Vacation Marketing 26, no. 3: 354-364.
This study analyzes the stakeholder networks that have developed in the medical tourism industry centered around South Korea. The network that 14 leading Korean medical tourism stakeholders have with China and the United States are investigated considering General Agreement on Trade in Services four modes and analyzed via social network analysis. The stakeholders of each mode with China and the United States depict relational structures that vary in their degree of similarity and disparity on the basis of their centralization. This study contributes to the literature by bringing order to and providing a structural framework for the network complexity of the medical trade in relation with the medical tourism industry.
Heeran J. Cho; Timothy J. Lee. Stakeholders in the medical trade: The case of South Korea's networks with China and the United States. International Journal of Tourism Research 2019, 22, 416 -424.
AMA StyleHeeran J. Cho, Timothy J. Lee. Stakeholders in the medical trade: The case of South Korea's networks with China and the United States. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2019; 22 (4):416-424.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeeran J. Cho; Timothy J. Lee. 2019. "Stakeholders in the medical trade: The case of South Korea's networks with China and the United States." International Journal of Tourism Research 22, no. 4: 416-424.
This study adopted a new variable labeled “healing effects,” in place of “quality of life,” to measure the service dimension of the health‐oriented tourism experience. A questionnaire survey was given to visitors to a guesthouse in Korea. The results indicate that “deviation experience(s)” has a large influence on “the affective healing effect,” but “destination experience” has no significant influence on affective healing. Also, “resident relationship experience” has a great influence on “cognitive and social healing effect,” but “deviation experience” again has no significant influence. The findings of this study provide a theoretical contribution as a pioneering study of healing effects.
Se‐Eun Kim; Seo‐Ho Um; Timothy J. Lee. Healing effects from the on‐site experiences of tourists. International Journal of Tourism Research 2019, 22, 192 -201.
AMA StyleSe‐Eun Kim, Seo‐Ho Um, Timothy J. Lee. Healing effects from the on‐site experiences of tourists. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2019; 22 (2):192-201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSe‐Eun Kim; Seo‐Ho Um; Timothy J. Lee. 2019. "Healing effects from the on‐site experiences of tourists." International Journal of Tourism Research 22, no. 2: 192-201.
This study examines the creative class group in Chinese tourism destinations made up of in‐migration tourism entrepreneurs confronting the need to diversify away from city life. Based on a questionnaire survey of those rural tourism entrepreneurs who have set up business in the two townships of Huanglongxi and Luodai, and drawing upon social practice theory, the study explores concepts of entrepreneurship, organizational innovation, and sustainable competitive advantage. It shows how the entrepreneurship of the in‐migration creative class has played a crucial role in organizational innovation in the tourism industry and how they have made significant contributions to sustainable competitive advantage.
Yu Xiong; Yang Zhang; Timothy J. Lee. The rural creative class: An analysis of in‐migration tourism entrepreneurship. International Journal of Tourism Research 2019, 22, 42 -53.
AMA StyleYu Xiong, Yang Zhang, Timothy J. Lee. The rural creative class: An analysis of in‐migration tourism entrepreneurship. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2019; 22 (1):42-53.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu Xiong; Yang Zhang; Timothy J. Lee. 2019. "The rural creative class: An analysis of in‐migration tourism entrepreneurship." International Journal of Tourism Research 22, no. 1: 42-53.
This study analyzed the role of Zen meditation in shaping seasonal tourists' spiritual experience using a focus group and interview approach. Three main themes emerged from the study: (a) the desire for seasonal tourism Zen meditation induced by local hosts and the environment was generally positive; (b) the attributes of these seasonal tourists reinforced a positive image of Zen meditation through experiences of both sacred Buddhist rituals and secular daily practices in the E'Mei Mountain destination; and (c) the positive spiritual experiences through seasonal Zen meditation gained in the tourism period had a strong impact on these participants' spiritual experiences.
Yang Zhang; Timothy J. Lee; Yu Xiong. From comrades to Bodhidharma: A Bourdieusian analysis of the spiritual experience of Chinese seasonal tourists. International Journal of Tourism Research 2019, 21, 801 -812.
AMA StyleYang Zhang, Timothy J. Lee, Yu Xiong. From comrades to Bodhidharma: A Bourdieusian analysis of the spiritual experience of Chinese seasonal tourists. International Journal of Tourism Research. 2019; 21 (6):801-812.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang Zhang; Timothy J. Lee; Yu Xiong. 2019. "From comrades to Bodhidharma: A Bourdieusian analysis of the spiritual experience of Chinese seasonal tourists." International Journal of Tourism Research 21, no. 6: 801-812.
The purpose of the study was to examine the bases of married immigrant women’s VFR Tourism behaviors. Over the last decade, Korea has witnessed an unprecedented growth of immigrants who are married to Korean males. This emerging population, as a new ethnic minority group, are expected to play an important role in the sustainability of the Korean family as well as the society. Academic interest in this phenomenon naturally leads to the consideration of the acculturation issue and multi-cultural policy impacts. Extending the research horizon, VFR tours as one of the leisure patterns of married immigrant women are considered important. Nevertheless, VFR tourism studies in the context of married immigrants are scarce. In this study we take a grounded theory approach. Questionnaire based in-depth interviews with 11 Vietnamese women in Korea were conducted. The findings were: the core category of the VFR tour is revealed as a ‘Process to overcome their doubled disadvantaged position as an ethnic minority and as a housewife under patriarchy.’ They encounter family risk mainly due to the cultural adaptation problem and choose a VFR tour to their origin to sustain successful marriage life and acculturation. The significance and limitation of this research are discussed.
Bo-Young Moon; Soung-Hoon Yang; Timothy Lee. Married immigrant women’s VFR tourism as the way to ethnic minority group acculturation. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 2019, 17, 544 -561.
AMA StyleBo-Young Moon, Soung-Hoon Yang, Timothy Lee. Married immigrant women’s VFR tourism as the way to ethnic minority group acculturation. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. 2019; 17 (4):544-561.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBo-Young Moon; Soung-Hoon Yang; Timothy Lee. 2019. "Married immigrant women’s VFR tourism as the way to ethnic minority group acculturation." Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 17, no. 4: 544-561.
The concept of Slow Tourism has evolved in recent years, and while the literature discussion about the Cittàslow (Slow City) movement has been increasing, little is known about its application in destinations outside of Europe where it originated. Through a survey of visitors and residents, this study examined the awareness level of the movement in the pioneer case of Japan. The discussion of this paper sought to investigate the movement, as a way to understand the interest in, and appropriateness of increased visibility for Kesennuma Cittàslow, located in the northeast corner of Miyagi prefecture, Japan. The study provides new insights into the Cittàslow phenomenon that has been gaining attention within the academic discourse.
Therez B. Walker; Timothy J. Lee. Visitor and resident perceptions of the slow city movement: the case of Japan. International Journal of Tourism Sciences 2019, 19, 112 -127.
AMA StyleTherez B. Walker, Timothy J. Lee. Visitor and resident perceptions of the slow city movement: the case of Japan. International Journal of Tourism Sciences. 2019; 19 (2):112-127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTherez B. Walker; Timothy J. Lee. 2019. "Visitor and resident perceptions of the slow city movement: the case of Japan." International Journal of Tourism Sciences 19, no. 2: 112-127.
Despite considerable discussion on how resident perceptions impact on current tourism development, there is little evidence that this discussion has any impact on the factors that contribute to tourism’s presence. This paper reports on action research which was aimed at identifying what impacts host residents do perceive regarding luxury hotel development in ethnic destinations in China, and how they comment on such impacts when trying to use luxury hotels effectively in a sustainable development strategy for destination communities. Based on ethnographic interviews with Tibetan residents who live in a village near the Songtsam Shangri-la MGallery Collection operated by Accor in YunNan province, China, the study highlights the important issues in economic, sociocultural and environmental impacts as seen by those residents. These included unfair economic profit sharing, double-edged perception of luxury hotels and local livelihood, potential concerns about their religious beliefs and improving the status of women, and over-optimism about the possible negative influences on local environment, daily life, and the traditional consciousness of environmental preservation. The management implications for both local tourism authorities and hotel practitioners are discussed as well as the limitations of the research and the paper makes suggestions for future studies.
Yang Zhang; Timothy Lee; Yu Xiong. Residents’ perception of the influence of luxury chain hotels on ethnic tourism communities. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 2019, 17, 432 -448.
AMA StyleYang Zhang, Timothy Lee, Yu Xiong. Residents’ perception of the influence of luxury chain hotels on ethnic tourism communities. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change. 2019; 17 (4):432-448.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang Zhang; Timothy Lee; Yu Xiong. 2019. "Residents’ perception of the influence of luxury chain hotels on ethnic tourism communities." Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 17, no. 4: 432-448.