The study examines how Peru could maintain the sustainability of its blueberry exports through market diversification and competitiveness. Using a quantitative approach, the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) and the Balassa Index were calculated. The results showed impressive growth in key markets such as the United States, where exports grew by an average of 115.03% annually, and robust growth in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Despite these increases, the study identified a high concentration in specific markets, particularly in the United States, where the HHI ranged from 2896 to 3828 throughout the evaluated period, indicating significant dependence. Regarding the RCA, the values showed that Peru has maintained a solid comparative advantage, especially towards the United States, where the values fluctuated between 0.09 and 0.55 throughout the study, indicating specialization and efficiency in the export of blueberries to this market. The conclusions highlight that, although Peru has achieved remarkable growth in its blueberry exports and has demonstrated competitive capabilities, it faces the challenge of effectively diversifying its export markets. Recommendations include expanding the exploration of new markets and improving logistic infrastructure and agricultural practices to foster environmental sustainability, as well as adapting marketing strategies to meet the demands of emerging markets and international regulations.

This study aimed to analyze the diversification and competitiveness of corn exports from the United States, Brazil, Argentina, and Ukraine during 2020–2024 through a quantitative, descriptive design using secondary data from Trade Map. Methodologically, it applied the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) to measure destination-market concentration and the normalized revealed comparative advantage (NRCA) to assess export specialization and relative competitiveness. The results indicated heterogeneous patterns: the United States experienced rising concentration toward Mexico—heightening vulnerability despite persistent advantages in Japan and Colombia; Brazil maintained low concentration and robust advantages across the Middle East and Asia; Argentina combined favorable diversification with stable advantages in Asia, Africa, and South America, albeit with a mild uptick in concentration by 2024; and Ukraine showed moderate diversification but volatile competitiveness, with structural disadvantages in Türkiye exacerbated by wartime logistics. This study concluded that export sustainability depended jointly on diversification and competitive specialization, with Brazil and Argentina exhibiting the strongest balance.

The study aimed to analyze the diversification and competitiveness of maize exports from the United States, Brazil, Argentina and Ukraine over the period 2020–2024. A quantitative, descriptive design was adopted, using secondary data from Trade Map. Export market concentration was measured with the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index, while international competitiveness was assessed through the normalized revealed comparative advantage, computed by country, year and main destination. The results indicated clearly differentiated patterns. The United States exhibited an increasingly concentrated structure centred on Mexico, with strong advantages only in Japan and Colombia, which heightened structural vulnerability. Brazil preserved low concentra-tion levels and displayed robust, widely distributed advantages in Middle Eastern and Asian markets. Argentina combined mostly favourable diversification with stable ad-vantages in Asia, Africa and South America, although a mild upward trend in concen-tration emerged toward 2024. Ukraine showed acceptable diversification but moderate and volatile competitiveness, constrained by logistical and geopolitical disruptions, particularly in trade with Türkiye. The study concluded that export sustainability de-pended on the joint dynamics of competitive specialisation and destination diversifica-tion, with Brazil and Argentina achieving the most balanced profiles. It was recom-mended that each country implement differentiated strategies in market risk manage-ment, logistical upgrading, macroeconomic and regulatory stabilisation, and penetration of emerging markets in order to reduce structural vulnerabilities in the global maize trade.