South American coffee producers face growing challenges due to external trade dependencies and climate-induced disruptions. This study investigates the role of export market diversification as a sustainability strategy for four major regional exporters of roasted non-decaffeinated coffee: Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador. A quantitative and comparative methodology was applied over a ten-year period using the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) to evaluate export market concentration and the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index—including its normalized variant—to assess international competitiveness by destination. The results reveal substantial disparities: Brazil and Colombia exhibit moderate to high diversification and relative competitiveness in select markets, while Peru and Ecuador remain dependent on a few strategic buyers, with limited or declining comparative advantages. The findings emphasize that sustained export performance in the coffee sector requires not only a broader destination portfolio but also improved positioning through trade agreements, infrastructure development, and climate-resilient innovation. This study concludes with a strategic proposal based on three pillars—commercial, logistical, and technological—to support structural transformation and enhance the long-term sustainability of the coffee trade in South America.

This study examined the sustainability of global table grape exports from 2020 to 2024, focusing on two key dimensions: market diversification and international competitiveness. Using data from Trade Map and applying the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) and the Revealed Comparative Advantage Normalized Index (RCAN), the research analyzed the export performance of major grape-exporting countries, including Peru, Chile, the Netherlands, Italy, the United States, South Africa, and China. The results showed significant differences in both market structure and competitive positioning. Countries like Peru and South Africa demonstrated rapid export growth and high competitiveness in certain markets, but faced elevated levels of market concentration, exposing them to external shocks. In contrast, Italy and the Netherlands maintained more diversified portfolios but showed modest competitiveness. The study concluded that no country achieved an ideal balance between diversification and competitiveness. As a result, it is recommended that governments pursue integrated trade strategies that promote geographic expansion alongside measures to enhance export competitiveness. Investments in logistics, quality certifications, and market intelligence are essential to reduce vulnerability and ensure long-term export sustainability.

El objetivo de este artículo es aclarar la correcta comprensión del coeficiente de correlación, con escala numérica e intervalo ordinal, utilizando enfoque mixto, y diversos métodos estadísticos, descriptivos, exploratorio y causal, junto con niveles descriptivos. Se han encontrado resultados claros y se pudo elaborar una tabla resumen para el uso racional de la decisión del coeficiente de correlación. Se concluye que, en investigaciones en ciencias aplicadas, matemáticas y simulaciones estadísticas, se debe seguir la escala de Cohen (1988): r grande = 0,50, r medio = 0,30 y r pequeño = 0,10. En ciencias sociales, medicina, econometría, psicología, educación y ciencia de datos según Hinkle, Wiersma, & Jurs (2003), siendo los niveles con mayor referencia siendo muy pequeña, poca o ninguna, baja, moderada, alta, muy alta, el cual abarca categorías como muy pequeña, poca o ninguna, baja, moderada, alta y muy alta. Además, se sugiere el uso del Bootstrap en estudios de correlación, el análisis visual de los datos mediante gráficos para detectar valores atípicos, y el empleo de correlogramas de calor en el caso de datos multivariados.

Wheat trade sustainability has become critical amid compounding shocks—pandemic disruptions, extreme weather events, and the Russia–Ukraine war—that exposed vulnerabilities in global food supply systems. This study documents how five major wheat suppliers (Australia, Canada, the United States, Russia, and Ukraine) adjusted destination structures and revealed competitive positions during 2020–2024, and whether these structural configurations coincided with more or less stable export outcomes. Using annual FOB export data from the International Trade Centre, destination concentration is measured through the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), revealed competitive positioning is assessed using the symmetric revealed comparative advantage (SRCA) (the symmetric transformation of the Balassa RCA), and outcome stability is summarized with volatility (coefficient of variation) and maximum drawdown computed from annual export values. The United States maintained structural diversification; Canada shifted toward high concentration; Australia preserved moderate dispersion but exhibited pronounced outcome volatility; Ukraine experienced a post-2022 reconfiguration with elevated concentration and large drawdowns, whereas the Russian Federation is reported only up to 2021 due to ITC data availability in the extraction used (thus interpreted as a pre-shock baseline). Overall, export sustainability under shocks is best interpreted as a combination of destination-risk architecture, revealed positioning, and observed stability of outcomes rather than inferred from competitiveness alone.

The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into higher education has renewed concern that technology-related strain may erode students’ higher-order thinking. Drawing on a social–cognitive framework, this study tested whether AI self-efficacy and technostress predict critical thinking in 340 Peruvian undergraduates, who completed three validated scales (Yoon’s Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory; the brief General Self-Efficacy Scale for AI, GSE-6AI; and the RED-Technostress scale). Data were modeled with PLS-SEM, with significance from 5000 bootstrap resamples and an out-of-sample predictive assessment (PLSpredict, CVPAT). AI self-efficacy was a robust positive predictor of critical thinking (β = 0.42, p < 0.001), whereas technostress had no direct effect (β = −0.06, p = 0.50); AI self-efficacy was associated with higher technostress (β = 0.24, p < 0.001), but that path did not carry over to critical thinking (no mediation). A hypothesized moderation (AI self-efficacy mattering more at higher technostress) was not confirmed: it reached significance under the two-stage method but not under a stricter bootstrap, and the hypothesis was therefore not supported. The model explained a modest share of variance in critical thinking (R² = 0.17) and was invariant across public and private universities. These findings reposition technostress as, at most, a distal correlate and identify confident, literate engagement with AI, rather than the absence of strain, as the more promising lever for cultivating critical thinking.

La Responsabilidad Social Universitaria se ha consolidado en las últimas dos décadas como componente fundamental de la misión universitaria y como factor determinante de la legitimidad institucional; en este contexto, el presente ensayo tuvo como objetivo analizar los avances, las perspectivas y los desafíos en su gestión durante el período 2022-2025. El estudio se enmarcó en un método inductivo, bajo el paradigma humanista-interpretativo, con enfoque cualitativo de tipo interpretativo y diseño narrativo-tópico, a partir del análisis comparativo de la literatura científica reciente. Se examinan las estrategias de integración institucional, la articulación curricular y la participación de los grupos de interés, evidenciándose avances en la adopción de marcos alineados con estándares internacionales y en la implementación de metodologías formativas orientadas al desarrollo de competencias éticas y ciudadanas. No obstante, se identifican brechas persistentes en la transferencia tecnológica, en la apropiación social del conocimiento y en la ausencia de métricas integrales de evaluación. En consecuencia, se reafirma que la consolidación de la Responsabilidad Social Universitaria exige fortalecer su institucionalización transversal, desarrollar marcos evaluativos multidimensionales y consolidar una comunicación inclusiva que garantice su impacto sostenible.