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Muhammad Umar Draz
Canadore College, [email protected], Scarborough, Canada

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Research article
Published: 16 June 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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Since the development of the service sector and renewable energy reduce fossil-based energy consumption which mitigates CO2 emissions and this nexus provides a better understanding of the environmental sustainability. Considering the substantially increasing contribution of service sector and tremendous potential for renewable energy in ASEAN5 countries, leaning forward from ASEAN’s energy and growth nexus, this study examines the impact of service sector contribution and renewable energy on the environmental quality of ASEAN5 using annual data from 1990 to 2018. The results of the fully modified ordinary least squared, dynamic ordinary least squared, and canonical co-integrating regressions depicted that the service sectors of Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore augment CO2 emissions; however, the service sectors of Malaysia and Indonesia could reduce CO2 emissions. The increasing share of renewable energy can enhance environmental quality, but its magnitude varies in ASEAN5 economies; non-renewable energy, population, and economic development deteriorate the environment. Our results confirm the existence of environmental Kuznets curve in all the ASEAN5; the Gregory-Hansen test confirmed that results are robust. Finally, the Granger causality designated that economic development and non-renewable energy have a significant causal relationship with CO2 emission of ASEAN5 countries. These findings suggest that the ASEAN5 economies need to optimize their economic structure for promoting sustainable development in the long run. Graphical abstract

ACS Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Abbas Ali Chandio; Lijuan Su; Munir Ahmad; Muhammad Irfan. Investigating the myth of smokeless industry: environmental sustainability in the ASEAN countries and the role of service sector and renewable energy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Fayyaz Ahmad, Muhammad Umar Draz, Abbas Ali Chandio, Lijuan Su, Munir Ahmad, Muhammad Irfan. Investigating the myth of smokeless industry: environmental sustainability in the ASEAN countries and the role of service sector and renewable energy. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Abbas Ali Chandio; Lijuan Su; Munir Ahmad; Muhammad Irfan. 2021. "Investigating the myth of smokeless industry: environmental sustainability in the ASEAN countries and the role of service sector and renewable energy." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-18.

Research article
Published: 01 April 2021 in SAGE Open
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This research investigates the impact of working capital management (WCM) on the profitability and market performance of firms that constitute an Islamic market index (Karachi Meezan Index [KMI-30]) in Pakistan during 2002–2013. The data have been divided into three parts, that is, preglobal (2002–2007), during (2007–2008), and postglobal financial crisis period (2008–2013), to examine the proposed relationship in different macroeconomic settings. Net trade cycle (NTC) and its components are used to measure the WCM efficiency, while NTC square is used to proxy the impact of excessive holdings of working capital on corporate performance. The econometric models are calculated in a generalized method of moments (GMMs)-based regression environment to ensure the robustness of empirical outcome. The results reveal that, as opposed to conventional businesses, KMI-30 firms are more ethical in their short-term financial management. Besides, such firms adopted a conservative WCM policy during the global financial crisis of 2007–2008. Furthermore, we confirm the presence of a concave relationship between working capital levels and firm performance as NTC is positively, whereas NTC square is negatively, related to firm performance. This article makes a significant contribution to the extant literature as it evaluates the impact of WCM on the profitability and market performance of Islamic market indexed firms under varying macroeconomic conditions.

ACS Style

Minhas Akbar; Ahsan Akbar; Muhammad Umar Draz. Global Financial Crisis, Working Capital Management, and Firm Performance: Evidence From an Islamic Market Index. SAGE Open 2021, 11, 1 .

AMA Style

Minhas Akbar, Ahsan Akbar, Muhammad Umar Draz. Global Financial Crisis, Working Capital Management, and Firm Performance: Evidence From an Islamic Market Index. SAGE Open. 2021; 11 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Minhas Akbar; Ahsan Akbar; Muhammad Umar Draz. 2021. "Global Financial Crisis, Working Capital Management, and Firm Performance: Evidence From an Islamic Market Index." SAGE Open 11, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 17 July 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Energy acts as a catalyst to boost the human development index (HDI) in a country. However, the overuse of energy leads to environmental deterioration, which is a byproduct of economic development. Due to the utilization of non-renewable energy sources for a long time, worldwide environmental conditions have become alarming. This study investigates the relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, environmental sustainability, and the human development index (HDI) in Pakistan. The investigation incorporates population growth and technology variables to form a multivariate framework. We use a fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) approach to time-series data from 1990–2017. To check the robustness of estimations, we apply the Gregory–Hansen test with a causality test under the VECM to confirm this association’s directions. Our findings confirm that non-renewable energy sources have a positive association with economic growth and CO2 emissions. However, human development, technology, and renewable energy boost economic development and reduce environmental pollution in Pakistan. The co-integration results confirmed the long run connectivity among all variables. The causality outcomes support the bidirectional causality between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emissions, both in the short and long run. These outcomes suggest that Pakistan should focus on energy shifts and gradually increase the share of renewables in its energy mix under the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Additionally, the government should increase human and technological development to enhance economic and environmental sustainability.

ACS Style

Nabila Abid; Jianzu Wu; Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Abbas Ali Chandio; Hui Xu. Incorporating Environmental Pollution and Human Development in the Energy-Growth Nexus: A Novel Long Run Investigation for Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5154 .

AMA Style

Nabila Abid, Jianzu Wu, Fayyaz Ahmad, Muhammad Umar Draz, Abbas Ali Chandio, Hui Xu. Incorporating Environmental Pollution and Human Development in the Energy-Growth Nexus: A Novel Long Run Investigation for Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (14):5154.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nabila Abid; Jianzu Wu; Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Abbas Ali Chandio; Hui Xu. 2020. "Incorporating Environmental Pollution and Human Development in the Energy-Growth Nexus: A Novel Long Run Investigation for Pakistan." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5154.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Green development is an important way to meet the challenges of ecological and environmental protection and economic growth, as well as an inevitable choice to realize China’s sustainable development in the new era. The Chinese economic system is such that local government competition has become a key factor affecting regional green development under the current leadership. Based on the inter-provincial panel data of 30 provinces in mainland China from 1997 to 2017, this paper uses the total-factor non-radial directional distance function and slack-based measure data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) to measure the green development efficiency of the provinces. Additionally, it also uses the Malmquist–Luenberger (ML) index to decompose green development efficiency and analyzes its internal driving factors. Finally, taking environmental regulation as a mediating variable, this paper empirically analyzes the influence mechanism of local government competition on green development efficiency from three perspectives including growth competition, fiscal competition and investment competition. The study found that: the green development efficiency of Chinese regions showed a downward trend, with significant regional differences; technological progress is the key factor to improve the efficiency of green development, and its role gradually decreases from eastern to western and central regions; pure technical efficiency has become a bottleneck restricting the improvement of green development efficiency, while scale efficiency shows significant regional differences; the growth competition, fiscal competition and investment competition of local government all have a significant inhibitory effect on the efficiency of green development. This paper puts forward policy suggestions supporting enterprise technology research and development, optimizing energy conservation and emission reduction as well as improving the local government performance evaluation system for green development.

ACS Style

Na Zhang; Jinqian Deng; Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz. Local Government Competition and Regional Green Development in China: The Mediating Role of Environmental Regulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 3485 .

AMA Style

Na Zhang, Jinqian Deng, Fayyaz Ahmad, Muhammad Umar Draz. Local Government Competition and Regional Green Development in China: The Mediating Role of Environmental Regulation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (10):3485.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Na Zhang; Jinqian Deng; Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz. 2020. "Local Government Competition and Regional Green Development in China: The Mediating Role of Environmental Regulation." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10: 3485.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Recent industrial surge in the Northwestern provinces of China resulted in substantial energy consumption and adverse effect on the environment. Despite being less established, the Northwestern region of China has strategic importance and the use of renewable energy can potentially promote sustainable development in this region. Considering this aspect, this study aims to investigate the impact of renewable energy on environmental pollution in five Northwestern provinces of China during 1995–2014. This study uses the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag bounds testing approach with the structural break unit root and other specifications tests. The results indicate that renewable energy positive shock has an adverse impact on the CO2 emissions of the Northwestern provinces of China. The effect of renewable energy use varies in five provinces, i.e. it is more significant in Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang than in Ningxia and Shaanxi. However, reduction in renewable energy consumption leads to higher level of CO2 emissions and this effect is more significant for Ningxia and Shaanxi in the long run. Furthermore, the positive shockwaves in nonrenewable energy, GDP and transportation are associated with environmental pollution in these provinces both in short run and long run. Nevertheless, the impact of negative shockwaves in nonrenewable energy consumption on environmental pollution is more significant than economic development for all provinces. Our findings suggest that: cutting down fossil fuels use can substantially improve environmental quality in these provinces; depending on the provincial geographies and government strategies, the intensity of positive impact of renewable energy towards CO2 emissions reduction differs among five provinces. Likewise, renewable energy development has abundant potential to increase the economic and ecological sustainability in the Northwestern provinces of China in the long run.

ACS Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Ilhan Ozturk; Lijuan Su; Abdul Rauf. Looking for asymmetries and nonlinearities: The nexus between renewable energy and environmental degradation in the Northwestern provinces of China. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 266, 121714 .

AMA Style

Fayyaz Ahmad, Muhammad Umar Draz, Ilhan Ozturk, Lijuan Su, Abdul Rauf. Looking for asymmetries and nonlinearities: The nexus between renewable energy and environmental degradation in the Northwestern provinces of China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 266 ():121714.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Ilhan Ozturk; Lijuan Su; Abdul Rauf. 2020. "Looking for asymmetries and nonlinearities: The nexus between renewable energy and environmental degradation in the Northwestern provinces of China." Journal of Cleaner Production 266, no. : 121714.

Review article
Published: 01 April 2020 in SAGE Open
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Integrated Reporting (IR) is a relatively new concept that is considered one of the most recent trends in corporate reporting; it is still an emerging research area in different parts of the world. Malaysia is an appropriate emerging economy to investigate IR adoption. Large Malaysian public listed companies (PLCs) are encouraged by the Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance (MCCG) of 2017 to adopt IR based on the international IR framework. By combining the stakeholder theory and the agency theory, this article proposes a conceptual framework to explore the moderating effect of sustainability reporting on the relationship between corporate governance mechanisms and IR disclosure level for the Malaysian PLCs. To obtain the data related to IR and the other variables, the study suggests using a content analysis method on the annual reports of the top 100 Malaysian PLCs based on their market capitalization. The proposed conceptual framework could be very useful; it can assist PLCs having sustainability practices to adopt the IR framework, reduce information asymmetries, increase information transparency, and create value. This study contributes to the literature by investigating the IR practices and their determinants in Malaysia after the introduction of MCCG 2017.

ACS Style

Salaheldin Hamad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Fong-Woon Lai. The Impact of Corporate Governance and Sustainability Reporting on Integrated Reporting: A Conceptual Framework. SAGE Open 2020, 10, 1 .

AMA Style

Salaheldin Hamad, Muhammad Umar Draz, Fong-Woon Lai. The Impact of Corporate Governance and Sustainability Reporting on Integrated Reporting: A Conceptual Framework. SAGE Open. 2020; 10 (2):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Salaheldin Hamad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Fong-Woon Lai. 2020. "The Impact of Corporate Governance and Sustainability Reporting on Integrated Reporting: A Conceptual Framework." SAGE Open 10, no. 2: 1.

Journal article
Published: 09 January 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Urbanization has made tremendous contributions to China’s economic development since its economic reforms and opening up. At the same time, population agglomeration has aggravated environmental pollution and posed serious challenges to China’s environment. This article empirically investigates the impacts of China’s urbanization on eco-efficiency, comprehensively reflecting economic growth, resource input, and waste discharge. We first measured the provincial eco-efficiency in China from 2005 to 2015 using the Super Slack-Based model (Super-SBM). We then constructed a spatial model to empirically analyze the effects of urbanization on eco-efficiency at the national level, and at four regional levels. The results indicated that the regional eco-efficiency in China has fluctuated, but is generally improving, and that a gap between regions was evident, with a trend toward further gap expansion. We observed an effect of spatial spillover in eco-efficiency, which was significant and positive for the whole country, except for the western region. The influence of urbanization on China’s eco-efficiency exhibited a U-curve relationship. The changing trend in the eastern, central, and western regions was the same as that in the whole country; however, the trend exhibited an inverted U-curve relationship in the northeastern region. To the best of our knowledge, covering a time period of 2005–2015, this article is the first of its kind to study the impact of urbanization on eco-efficiency in China at both the national and regional levels. This study may help policy-makers to create sustainable policies that could be helpful in balancing urbanization and the ecological environment.

ACS Style

Li Yue; Dan Xue; Muhammad Umar Draz; Fayyaz Ahmad; Jiaojiao Li; Farrukh Shahzad; Shahid Ali. The Double-Edged Sword of Urbanization and Its Nexus with Eco-Efficiency in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 446 .

AMA Style

Li Yue, Dan Xue, Muhammad Umar Draz, Fayyaz Ahmad, Jiaojiao Li, Farrukh Shahzad, Shahid Ali. The Double-Edged Sword of Urbanization and Its Nexus with Eco-Efficiency in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (2):446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li Yue; Dan Xue; Muhammad Umar Draz; Fayyaz Ahmad; Jiaojiao Li; Farrukh Shahzad; Shahid Ali. 2020. "The Double-Edged Sword of Urbanization and Its Nexus with Eco-Efficiency in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2: 446.

Article
Published: 21 October 2019 in Asian-Pacific Economic Literature
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This study aims to investigate the relationship between China's exchange rate, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, and economic development. We applied the bound testing approach on aggregate level data from 1981 to 2013. The results showed that the Chinese economy benefitted from a lower exchange rate over this period, and that there was a direct link between FDI inflows and economic development on an aggregate level both in the long and short run. The results of the Granger causality test identified a long‐ and short‐run association among these variables. The GMM estimations with dummies for financial crises and RMB exchange rate policy fluctuations also confirmed the growth enhancing impact of the exchange rate and FDI inflows. To promote sustainable economic development in the future, China should focus on improving the levels of domestic investment and human capital, as well as supervising the level of openness and capital controls.

ACS Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Su‐Chang Yang. China's economic development: does exchange rate and FDI nexus matter? Asian-Pacific Economic Literature 2019, 33, 81 -93.

AMA Style

Fayyaz Ahmad, Muhammad Umar Draz, Su‐Chang Yang. China's economic development: does exchange rate and FDI nexus matter? Asian-Pacific Economic Literature. 2019; 33 (2):81-93.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Su‐Chang Yang. 2019. "China's economic development: does exchange rate and FDI nexus matter?" Asian-Pacific Economic Literature 33, no. 2: 81-93.

Journal article
Published: 16 June 2019 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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:The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of local government competition and environmental regulation intensity on regional innovation performance and its regional heterogeneity. Based on the theoretical mechanism of the aforementioned variables, this study uses the Chinese provincial panel data from 2001 to 2016. We use the super-efficiency data envelopment analysis (SE-DEA) to evaluate regional innovation performance. To systematically examine the impact of local government competition and environmental regulation intensity on regional innovation performance, we build a panel date model using the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) method. The results indicate that: the regional innovation performance can be significantly improved through technological spillover; local governments compete for foreign direct investment (FDI) to participate in regional innovative production. Moreover, improvements in environmental regulation intensity enhance regional innovation performance through the innovation compensation effect. Our results show that the local governments tend to choose lower environmental regulation intensity to compete for more FDI, which has an inhibitory effect on regional innovation performance. Furthermore, due to regional differences in factor endowments, economic reforms and economic development levels in Chinese provinces, there exists a significant regional consistency in the impact of local government competition and environmental regulation intensity on regional innovation performance. Therefore, institutional arrangements and incentive constraints must be adopted to enhance regional innovation performance as well as to guide and foster the mechanism of green innovation competition among local governments. At the same time, considering the regional heterogeneity of local government competition and environmental regulation intensity affecting regional innovation performance, policy makers should avoid the “one-size-fits-all” strategy of institutional arrangements.

ACS Style

Jinqian Deng; Na Zhang; Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz. Local Government Competition, Environmental Regulation Intensity and Regional Innovation Performance: An Empirical Investigation of Chinese Provinces. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2130 .

AMA Style

Jinqian Deng, Na Zhang, Fayyaz Ahmad, Muhammad Umar Draz. Local Government Competition, Environmental Regulation Intensity and Regional Innovation Performance: An Empirical Investigation of Chinese Provinces. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (12):2130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jinqian Deng; Na Zhang; Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz. 2019. "Local Government Competition, Environmental Regulation Intensity and Regional Innovation Performance: An Empirical Investigation of Chinese Provinces." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12: 2130.

Journal article
Published: 14 June 2019 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The contribution of tourism to economic development is an open secret but it is a double-edged sword. The opportunity cost for this significant share is environmental degradation without required measures to protect the environment. Using the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squared approach from 1995 to 2014, this study aims to explore the nexus between tourism and environmental pollution for three lower middle-income Southeast Asian economies: Indonesia, the Philippines and Vietnam. This paper uses carbon emissions as a proxy for environmental pollution against tourist arrivals with a few control variables for analysis. The Zivot-Andrews unit root test is applied to deal with structural breaks in data and the Gregory-Hansen test for robustness. The results confirm a negative impact of tourism on the environment for Indonesia and the Philippines; however, tourism improves the environmental quality of Vietnam. This implies that the relationship varies for different countries in the same region, depending on the country-specific characteristics and corresponding policies to protect the environment. The impact of governmental policies also differs for high and lower middle-income countries as one size cannot fit all. This study provides a comprehensive milieu of the impact of tourism on the environment. The identified dominant factors can guide Southeast Asian and other developing countries’ governments at all levels in systematically formulating policies; by using these policies, carbon emissions from tourism can be reduced efficiently, resulting in sustainable development in the region.

ACS Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Lijuan Su; Abdul Rauf. Taking the bad with the good: The nexus between tourism and environmental degradation in the lower middle-income Southeast Asian economies. Journal of Cleaner Production 2019, 233, 1240 -1249.

AMA Style

Fayyaz Ahmad, Muhammad Umar Draz, Lijuan Su, Abdul Rauf. Taking the bad with the good: The nexus between tourism and environmental degradation in the lower middle-income Southeast Asian economies. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2019; 233 ():1240-1249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Lijuan Su; Abdul Rauf. 2019. "Taking the bad with the good: The nexus between tourism and environmental degradation in the lower middle-income Southeast Asian economies." Journal of Cleaner Production 233, no. : 1240-1249.

Journal article
Published: 03 June 2019 in Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies
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Purpose This study aims to examine the impact of macroeconomic fundamentals on exchange rates of selected South Asian economies during 1981-2013. Design/methodology/approach The authors have used two econometric approaches to the data. For the pooled sample, estimated generalized least square (EGLS) and the two-stage least square method are applied. For the panel data, the authors have used the panel generalized method of moments and ordinary least squares (OLS) methods. Findings The results suggest that macroeconomic factors have a significant impact on exchange rates. The robust findings highlight that improvements in domestic economic and political systems are crucial for a successful exchange rate policy. Originality/value The existing literature on exchange rate fundamentals have either focused on exchange rates and international trade or investigated the relationship for the developed economies. Covering a period of more than three decades, and using both pooled and panel estimations, our study is unique in terms of its focus on the South Asian economies.

ACS Style

Muhammad Umar Draz; Fayyaz Ahmad; Bhumika Gupta; Waqas Amin. Macroeconomic fundamentals and exchange rates in South Asian economies. Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 2019, 12, 104 -119.

AMA Style

Muhammad Umar Draz, Fayyaz Ahmad, Bhumika Gupta, Waqas Amin. Macroeconomic fundamentals and exchange rates in South Asian economies. Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies. 2019; 12 (2):104-119.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Muhammad Umar Draz; Fayyaz Ahmad; Bhumika Gupta; Waqas Amin. 2019. "Macroeconomic fundamentals and exchange rates in South Asian economies." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 12, no. 2: 104-119.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2019 in Sustainability
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Employee motivation has always been a matter of concern for both public and private sector organizations. Since the industrial revolution in the late 18th century, organizations have struggled to foster workforce motivation and morale to enhance productivity. While a plethora of literature focuses on private sector motivation research, public sector organizations receive only modest scholarly attention. However, a new concept has emerged in public management literature during the late 1980s and 1990s, later known as public service motivation (PSM). The debate about PSM is premised on the notion that the motivation of public sector employees is quite different from their private sector counterparts because of their orientation to public service. Perry and Wise (1990) expressed this concept in the theory of PSM. Subsequently, a growing stream of scholarship has emerged which explores the many aspects of antecedents and outcomes related to PSM. However, questions remain about how to best keep the motivation of public sector employees sustainably high, and about what factors embolden or enervate the motivation and morale of public sector employees. This study focuses on the sustainable work motivation of local government employees. Its arguments and discussions draw from PSM theory, total quality management (TQM) principles, and inspiration from Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study examines and attempts to uncover the career trajectories of local government employees in the State of Oregon, United States, through a rigorous grounded theory method (GTM) of inquiry. The study reveals a number of factors that facilitate and/or inhibit employees’ PSM. We expect the findings to be useful for both practitioners and government human resource policymakers in understanding the subtlety and vicissitudes of public sector employee careers and motivations.

ACS Style

Sajjad Haider; Guoxian Bao; Gary L. Larsen; Muhammad Umar Draz. Harnessing Sustainable Motivation: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Public Service Motivation in Local Governments of the State of Oregon, United States. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3105 .

AMA Style

Sajjad Haider, Guoxian Bao, Gary L. Larsen, Muhammad Umar Draz. Harnessing Sustainable Motivation: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Public Service Motivation in Local Governments of the State of Oregon, United States. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (11):3105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sajjad Haider; Guoxian Bao; Gary L. Larsen; Muhammad Umar Draz. 2019. "Harnessing Sustainable Motivation: A Grounded Theory Exploration of Public Service Motivation in Local Governments of the State of Oregon, United States." Sustainability 11, no. 11: 3105.

Journal article
Published: 03 May 2019 in Sustainability
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The aim of this paper is to reinvestigate the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows on welfare or poverty reduction in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) economies. We used FDI net inflows per capita and the United Nations Development Program’s Human Development Index (HDI) as the principal variables ranging from 1990 to 2014. Our analyses confirm the positive and strongly significant relationship between FDI net inflows and poverty reduction in Asia. However, it indicates significant differences between South Asia and Southeast Asia. Generally, we find that FDI has a greater impact on welfare in SAARC countries than in ASEAN countries. Our results hold true for both HDI and real gross domestic product (GDP), and are shown to be robust using both panel and pool model specifications.

ACS Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Lijuan Su; Ilhan Ozturk; Abdul Rauf; Shahid Ali. Impact of FDI Inflows on Poverty Reduction in the ASEAN and SAARC Economies. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2565 .

AMA Style

Fayyaz Ahmad, Muhammad Umar Draz, Lijuan Su, Ilhan Ozturk, Abdul Rauf, Shahid Ali. Impact of FDI Inflows on Poverty Reduction in the ASEAN and SAARC Economies. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (9):2565.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Lijuan Su; Ilhan Ozturk; Abdul Rauf; Shahid Ali. 2019. "Impact of FDI Inflows on Poverty Reduction in the ASEAN and SAARC Economies." Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2565.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2018 in Sustainability
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The rapid economic development of China and the industrial shift from its eastern to western provinces have resulted in significant negative impacts on the environment. Recently, tourism has emerged as an alternative for economic and environmental development, but it is a double-edged sword. Without the required measures to protect environment, the opportunity cost of tourism is environmental degradation. The western part of China holds a significant advantage for the development of travel and tourism (T&T), due to One Belt One Road (OBOR), unique ancient culture and spectacular variety of natural scenic spots. This region is among the less explored and less developed, but important, parts of China. Taking this point into consideration, this paper aims to examine the impact of tourism on the environmental pollution of five provinces located in the heart of OBOR over the period of 1991–2016. To explore this link, we used the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) approach and Gregory-Hansen test for robustness check. We applied the Zivot-Andrews unit root test to deal with structural breaks in data. Our results confirm a negative impact of tourism on environment for Ningxia, Qinghai, Gansu, and Shanxi. However, tourism improves the environmental quality of Xinjiang. The negative impact of energy consumption and GDP growth is significant than tourism. Our findings suggest that the relationship varies for different provinces in the same region depending on the specific provincial features and government policies. Furthermore, tourism development has great potential to improve the economic and environmental sustainability in these provinces.

ACS Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Draz; Lijuan Su; Ilhan Ozturk; Abdul Rauf. Tourism and Environmental Pollution: Evidence from the One Belt One Road Provinces of Western China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3520 .

AMA Style

Fayyaz Ahmad, Muhammad Draz, Lijuan Su, Ilhan Ozturk, Abdul Rauf. Tourism and Environmental Pollution: Evidence from the One Belt One Road Provinces of Western China. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (10):3520.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Draz; Lijuan Su; Ilhan Ozturk; Abdul Rauf. 2018. "Tourism and Environmental Pollution: Evidence from the One Belt One Road Provinces of Western China." Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3520.

Journal article
Published: 05 February 2018 in Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies
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The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that are influential on outward foreign direct investment (OFDI). A sample of four ASEAN countries is compared with dominant Asian economies during 1981-2013. We have used time series data for analysis. An econometric model using ordinary least squares (OLS), with a series of complementary tests, was estimated for every country to determine the variables affecting OFDI. Our results depict that exchange rates, income and human capital affect the OFDI of most of the countries in our sample. For comparatively advanced and dominant economies (i.e. China, Japan, South Korea and India), openness is the most influential variable, whereas income levels and exchange rates are the dominant factors in case of ASEAN economies. Overall, different types of endowments have a different impact for every country. Previous studies have primarily examined advanced countries’ OFDI. Our work adds to the literature by focusing on ASEAN economies and by making a comparison with the dominant Asian economies. Furthermore, the validity and stability of our model is tested with a series of specification tests. In this way, our work is a useful source of information for every stakeholder.

ACS Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Su-Chang Yang. What drives OFDI? Comparative evidence from ASEAN and selected Asian economies. Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 2018, 11, 15 -31.

AMA Style

Fayyaz Ahmad, Muhammad Umar Draz, Su-Chang Yang. What drives OFDI? Comparative evidence from ASEAN and selected Asian economies. Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies. 2018; 11 (1):15-31.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Su-Chang Yang. 2018. "What drives OFDI? Comparative evidence from ASEAN and selected Asian economies." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 11, no. 1: 15-31.

Original articles
Published: 22 January 2018 in The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development
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This paper analyzes the causal relationships between exports, FDI and economic growth among the ASEAN5 countries. We have used a three-stage procedure based on unit root, co-integration and causality tests applied to the panel data from 1981 to 2013. The results reveal that there is a bi-directional causal relationship between FDI and growth in the long run, while there is a unidirectional causal relationship from FDI to exports in the short run. Our results also confirm that the export-led growth (ELG) and FDI-led growth hypotheses hold true in the long and short run. To reinforce the FDI inflows, authorities should continue the progressive reduction of barriers, and increase the sophistication of quality exports to compete in the global market. This paper is the first of its kind to analyze the role of both FDI and exports in the ASEAN5 economies using panel analysis.

ACS Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Su-Chang Yang. Causality nexus of exports, FDI and economic growth of the ASEAN5 economies: evidence from panel data analysis. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 2018, 27, 685 -700.

AMA Style

Fayyaz Ahmad, Muhammad Umar Draz, Su-Chang Yang. Causality nexus of exports, FDI and economic growth of the ASEAN5 economies: evidence from panel data analysis. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development. 2018; 27 (6):685-700.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Su-Chang Yang. 2018. "Causality nexus of exports, FDI and economic growth of the ASEAN5 economies: evidence from panel data analysis." The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 27, no. 6: 685-700.

Research article
Published: 06 June 2016 in Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies
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Purpose This study aims to examine the effects of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) on the home country exports for selected ASEAN countries during 1981-2013. Design/methodology/approach The authors have used OLS regression based on the unit root analysis, correlation technique and a series of specification tests applied to annual time series data. Findings The results reveal that the complementary effects of OFDI on exports of the home country outweigh the substitution effects for four ASEAN countries. Furthermore, trade openness, currency fluctuations and inward foreign direct investment (FDI) are also important factors for progressive home country exports. Originality/value This study provides a thorough analysis of the links between OFDI and exports of the home country on a macro level. With a data set of more than three decades from the ASEAN region, this study is the first attempt of its kind to analyze the relationship of these two variables on the aggregate level.

ACS Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Su-Chang Yang. A novel study on OFDI and home country exports: implications for the ASEAN region. Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 2016, 9, 131 -145.

AMA Style

Fayyaz Ahmad, Muhammad Umar Draz, Su-Chang Yang. A novel study on OFDI and home country exports: implications for the ASEAN region. Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies. 2016; 9 (2):131-145.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fayyaz Ahmad; Muhammad Umar Draz; Su-Chang Yang. 2016. "A novel study on OFDI and home country exports: implications for the ASEAN region." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 9, no. 2: 131-145.