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Kai Liu
Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China;(H.H.);(Y.C.);(S.Z.);

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Journal article
Published: 20 March 2020 in Plants
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Environmental factors that drive carbon storage are often used as an explanation for alpine treeline formation. However, different tree species respond differently to environmental changes, which challenges our understanding of treeline formation and shifts. Therefore, we selected Picea jezoensis and Betula ermanii, the two treeline species naturally occurring in Changbai Mountain in China, and measured the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), soluble sugars and starch in one-year-old leaves, shoots, stems and fine roots at different elevations. We found that compared with P. jezoensis, the NSC and soluble sugars concentrations of leaves and shoots of B. ermanii were higher than those of P. jezoensis, while the starch concentration of all the tissues were lower. Moreover, the concentration of NSC, soluble sugars and starch in the leaves of B. ermanii decreased with elevation. In addition, the starch concentration of B. ermanii shoots, stems and fine roots remained at a high level regardless of whether the soluble sugars concentration decreased. Whereas the concentrations of soluble sugars and starch in one-year-old leaves, shoots and stems of P. jezoensis responded similarly changes with elevation. These findings demonstrate that compared with P. jezoensis, B. ermanii has a higher soluble sugars/starch ratio, and its shoots, stems and fine roots actively store NSC to adapt to the harsh environment, which is one of the reasons that B. ermanii can be distributed at higher altitudes.

ACS Style

Hudong Han; Hongshi He; Zhengfang Wu; Yu Cong; Shengwei Zong; Jianan He; Yuanyuan Fu; Kai Liu; Hang Sun; Yan Li; Changbao Yu; Jindan Xu. Non-Structural Carbohydrate Storage Strategy Explains the Spatial Distribution of Treeline Species. Plants 2020, 9, 384 .

AMA Style

Hudong Han, Hongshi He, Zhengfang Wu, Yu Cong, Shengwei Zong, Jianan He, Yuanyuan Fu, Kai Liu, Hang Sun, Yan Li, Changbao Yu, Jindan Xu. Non-Structural Carbohydrate Storage Strategy Explains the Spatial Distribution of Treeline Species. Plants. 2020; 9 (3):384.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hudong Han; Hongshi He; Zhengfang Wu; Yu Cong; Shengwei Zong; Jianan He; Yuanyuan Fu; Kai Liu; Hang Sun; Yan Li; Changbao Yu; Jindan Xu. 2020. "Non-Structural Carbohydrate Storage Strategy Explains the Spatial Distribution of Treeline Species." Plants 9, no. 3: 384.

Journal article
Published: 27 February 2020 in Forests
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Proactive managements, such as the resistant and the adaptive treatments, have been proposed to cope with the uncertainties of future climates. However, quantifying the uncertainties of forest response to proactive managements is challenging. Korean pine is an ecologically and economically important tree species in the temperate forests of Northeast China. Its dominance has evidently decreased due to excessive harvesting in the past decades. Understanding the responses of Korean pine to proactive managements under the future climates is important. In this study, we evaluated the range of responses of Korean pine to proactive managements under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenarios from four General Circulation Models (GCMs). We coupled an ecosystem process-based model, LINKAGES, and a forest landscape model, LANDIS PRO, to simulate scenarios of management and climate change combinations. Our results showed that the resistant and the adaptive treatment scenarios increased Korean pine importance (by 14.2% and 42.9% in importance value), dominance (biomass increased by 9.2% and 25.5%), and regeneration (abundance

ACS Style

Kai Liu; Hongshi He; Wenru Xu; Haibo Du; Shengwei Zong; Chao Huang; Miaomiao Wu; Xinyuan Tan; Yu Cong. Responses of Korean Pine to Proactive Managements under Climate Change. Forests 2020, 11, 263 .

AMA Style

Kai Liu, Hongshi He, Wenru Xu, Haibo Du, Shengwei Zong, Chao Huang, Miaomiao Wu, Xinyuan Tan, Yu Cong. Responses of Korean Pine to Proactive Managements under Climate Change. Forests. 2020; 11 (3):263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kai Liu; Hongshi He; Wenru Xu; Haibo Du; Shengwei Zong; Chao Huang; Miaomiao Wu; Xinyuan Tan; Yu Cong. 2020. "Responses of Korean Pine to Proactive Managements under Climate Change." Forests 11, no. 3: 263.

Journal article
Published: 16 February 2019 in Forests
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Alpine plant communities are highly sensitive to global warming. One of the consequences of the warming is encroachment by herbaceous plants from forests at low elevations into alpine ecosystems. In the Changbai Mountains, narrowleaf small reed (Deyeuxia angustifolia (Kom.) Y. L. Chang) from mountain birch forests encroached upward into alpine tundra, gradually replacing native tundra shrubs such as Rhododendron (Rhododendron aureum Georgi). How encroaching plants affect native plant communities is not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed above- and belowground biomass of alpine plant communities at five encroachment levels to investigate how biomass allocation changed at species and community scales. Our research showed that native plants are forced to change their morphology to cope with competition, at both above- and belowground levels, from encroaching plants. We found that (1) R. aureum increased the shoot height and leaf area in order to compete with D. angustifolia; (2) above- and belowground biomass of D. angustifolia increased while above- and belowground biomass of R. aureum decreased with increasing levels of encroachment; and (3) D. angustifolia encroachment reduced the total biomass of alpine tundra. Encroachment by herbaceous plants has a long-term negative impact on the ability of tundra plants to sequester carbon in the alpine tundra of the Changbai Mountains.

ACS Style

Xinyuan Tan; Hong S. He; Shengwei Zong; Miaomiao Wu; Kai Liu; Dandan Zhao. Herbaceous Encroachment from Mountain Birch Forests to Alpine Tundra Plant Communities Through Above- and Belowground Competition. Forests 2019, 10, 170 .

AMA Style

Xinyuan Tan, Hong S. He, Shengwei Zong, Miaomiao Wu, Kai Liu, Dandan Zhao. Herbaceous Encroachment from Mountain Birch Forests to Alpine Tundra Plant Communities Through Above- and Belowground Competition. Forests. 2019; 10 (2):170.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xinyuan Tan; Hong S. He; Shengwei Zong; Miaomiao Wu; Kai Liu; Dandan Zhao. 2019. "Herbaceous Encroachment from Mountain Birch Forests to Alpine Tundra Plant Communities Through Above- and Belowground Competition." Forests 10, no. 2: 170.

Journal article
Published: 15 February 2019 in Forests
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Global air temperature has increased and continues to increase, especially in high latitude and high altitude areas, which may affect plant resource physiology and thus plant growth and productivity. The resource remobilization efficiency of plants in response to global warming is, however, still poorly understood. We thus assessed end-season resource remobilization from leaves to woody tissues in deciduous Betula ermanii Cham. trees grown along an elevational gradient ranging from 1700 m to 2187 m a.s.l. on Changbai Mountain, northeastern China. We hypothesized that end-season resource remobilization efficiency from leaves to storage tissues increases with increasing elevation or decreasing temperature. To test this hypothesis, concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) during peak shoot growth (July) were compared with those at the end of growing season (September on Changbai Mt.) for each tissue type. To avoid leaf phenological effects on parameters, fallen leaves were collected at the end-season. Except for July-shoot NSC and July-leaf K, tissue concentrations of NSC, N, P, and K did not decrease with increasing elevation for both July and September. We found that the end-season leaf-to-wood reallocation efficiency decreased with increasing elevation. This lower reallocation efficiency may result in resource limitation in high-elevation trees. Future warming may promote leaf-to-wood resource reallocation, leading to upward shift of forests to higher elevations. The NSC, N, P, and K accumulated in stems and roots but not in shoots, especially in trees grown close to or at their upper limit, indicating that stems and roots of deciduous trees are the most important storage tissues over winter. Our results contribute to better understand the resource-related ecophysiological mechanisms for treeline formation, and vice versa, to better predict forest dynamics at high elevations in response to global warming. Our study provides resource-related ecophysiological knowledge for developing management strategies for high elevation forests in a rapidly warming world.

ACS Style

Yu Cong; Mai-He Li; Kai Liu; Yong-Cai Dang; Hu-Dong Han; Hong S. He. Decreased Temperature with Increasing Elevation Decreases the End-Season Leaf-to-Wood Reallocation of Resources in Deciduous Betula ermanii Cham. Trees. Forests 2019, 10, 166 .

AMA Style

Yu Cong, Mai-He Li, Kai Liu, Yong-Cai Dang, Hu-Dong Han, Hong S. He. Decreased Temperature with Increasing Elevation Decreases the End-Season Leaf-to-Wood Reallocation of Resources in Deciduous Betula ermanii Cham. Trees. Forests. 2019; 10 (2):166.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yu Cong; Mai-He Li; Kai Liu; Yong-Cai Dang; Hu-Dong Han; Hong S. He. 2019. "Decreased Temperature with Increasing Elevation Decreases the End-Season Leaf-to-Wood Reallocation of Resources in Deciduous Betula ermanii Cham. Trees." Forests 10, no. 2: 166.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2018 in Forests
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The vegetation of alpine tundra is undergoing significant changes and topography has played a significant role in mediating such changes. The roles of topography varied at different scales. In this study, we intended to identify topographic controls on tundra vegetation changes within the Changbai Mountains of Northeast China and reveal the scale effects. We delineated the vegetation changes of the last three decades using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) time series. We conducted a trend analysis for each pixel to reveal the spatial change and used binary logistic regression models to analyze the relationship between topographic controls at different scales and vegetation changes. Results showed that about 30% of tundra vegetation experienced a significant (p < 0.05) change in the NDVI, with 21.3% attributable to the encroachment of low-altitude plants resulting in a decrease in the NDVI, and 8.7% attributable to the expansion of tundra endemic plants resulting in an increase in the NDVI. Plant encroachment occurred more severely in low altitude than in high altitude, whereas plant expansion mostly occurred near volcanic ash fields at high altitude. We found that plant encroachment tended to occur in complex terrains and the broad-scale mountain aspect had a greater effect on plant encroachment than the fine-scale local aspect. Our results suggest that it is important to include the mountain aspect in mountain vegetation change studies, as most such studies only use the local aspect.

ACS Style

Miaomiao Wu; Hong S. He; Shengwei Zong; Xinyuan Tan; Haibo Du; Dandan Zhao; Kai Liu; Yu Liang. Topographic Controls on Vegetation Changes in Alpine Tundra of the Changbai Mountains. Forests 2018, 9, 756 .

AMA Style

Miaomiao Wu, Hong S. He, Shengwei Zong, Xinyuan Tan, Haibo Du, Dandan Zhao, Kai Liu, Yu Liang. Topographic Controls on Vegetation Changes in Alpine Tundra of the Changbai Mountains. Forests. 2018; 9 (12):756.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miaomiao Wu; Hong S. He; Shengwei Zong; Xinyuan Tan; Haibo Du; Dandan Zhao; Kai Liu; Yu Liang. 2018. "Topographic Controls on Vegetation Changes in Alpine Tundra of the Changbai Mountains." Forests 9, no. 12: 756.

Journal article
Published: 04 April 2018 in Sustainability
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Temperate forests in Northeast China have been severely exploited by timber harvesting in the last century. To reverse this trend, China implemented the Classified Forest Management policy in the Natural Forest Conservation Program in 1998 to protect forests from excessive harvesting. However, the policy was unable to meet the 2020 commitment of increasing growing stock (set in the Kyoto Protocol) because of high-intensity harvesting. Accordingly, China banned all commercial harvesting in Northeast China in 2014. In this study, we investigated the long-term impacts of the no commercial harvest (NCH) policy on ecosystem services and biodiversity using a forest landscape model, LANDIS PRO 7.0, in the temperate forests of the Small Khingan Mountains, Northeast China. We designed three management scenarios: The H scenario (the Classified Forest Management policy used in the past), the NCH scenario (the current Commercial Harvest Exclusion policy), and the LT scenario (mitigation management, i.e., light thinning). We compared total aboveground forest biomass, biomass by tree species, abundance of old-growth forests, and diversity of tree species and age class in three scenarios from 2010 to 2100. We found that compared with the H scenario, the NCH scenario increased aboveground forest biomass, abundance of old-growth forests, and biomass of most timber species over time; however, it decreased the biomass of rare and protected tree species and biodiversity. We found that the LT scenario increased the biomass of rare and protected tree species and biodiversity in comparison with the NCH scenario, while it maintained aboveground forest biomass and abundance of old-growth forests at a high level (slightly less than the NCH scenario). We concluded there was trade-off between carbon storage and biodiversity. We also concluded that light thinning treatment was able to regulate the trade-off and alleviate the negative effects associated with the NCH policy. Our results highlighted limitations of the NCH policy and provided new insights into sustainable forest management and the interdependence between human society and the forest ecosystem.

ACS Style

Kai Liu; Yu Liang; Hong S. He; Wen J. Wang; Chao Huang; Shengwei Zong; Lei Wang; Jiangtao Xiao; Haibo Du. Long-Term Impacts of China’s New Commercial Harvest Exclusion Policy on Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in the Temperate Forests of Northeast China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1071 .

AMA Style

Kai Liu, Yu Liang, Hong S. He, Wen J. Wang, Chao Huang, Shengwei Zong, Lei Wang, Jiangtao Xiao, Haibo Du. Long-Term Impacts of China’s New Commercial Harvest Exclusion Policy on Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in the Temperate Forests of Northeast China. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (4):1071.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kai Liu; Yu Liang; Hong S. He; Wen J. Wang; Chao Huang; Shengwei Zong; Lei Wang; Jiangtao Xiao; Haibo Du. 2018. "Long-Term Impacts of China’s New Commercial Harvest Exclusion Policy on Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in the Temperate Forests of Northeast China." Sustainability 10, no. 4: 1071.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2018 in Sustainability
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Wetlands in the mid- and high-latitudes are particularly vulnerable to environmental changes and have declined dramatically in recent decades. Climate change and human activities are arguably the most important factors driving wetland distribution changes which will have important implications for wetland ecological functions and services. We analyzed the importance of driving variables for wetland distribution and investigated the relative importance of climatic factors and human activity factors in driving historical wetland distribution changes. We predicted wetland distribution changes under climate change and human activities over the 21st century using the Random Forest model in a mid- and high-latitude region of Northeast China. Climate change scenarios included three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) based on five general circulation models (GCMs) downloaded from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5). The three scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5) predicted radiative forcing to peak at 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 W/m2 by the 2100s, respectively. Our results showed that the variables with high importance scores were agricultural population proportion, warmness index, distance to water body, coldness index, and annual mean precipitation; climatic variables were given higher importance scores than human activity variables on average. Average predicted wetland area among three emission scenarios were 340,000 ha, 123,000 ha, and 113,000 ha for the 2040s, 2070s, and 2100s, respectively. Average change percent in predicted wetland area among three periods was greatest under the RCP 8.5 emission scenario followed by RCP 4.5 and RCP 2.6 emission scenarios, which were 78%, 64%, and 55%, respectively. Losses in predicted wetland distribution were generally around agricultural lands and expanded continually from the north to the whole region over time, while the gains were mostly associated with grasslands and water in the most southern region. In conclusion, climatic factors had larger effects than human activity factors on historical wetland distribution changes and wetland distributions were predicted to decline remarkably over time under climate change scenarios. Our findings have important implications for wetland resource management and restoration because predictions of future wetland changes are needed for wetlands management planning.

ACS Style

Dandan Zhao; Hong He; Wen Wang; Lei Wang; Haibo Du; Kai Liu; Shengwei Zong. Predicting Wetland Distribution Changes under Climate Change and Human Activities in a Mid- and High-Latitude Region. Sustainability 2018, 10, 863 .

AMA Style

Dandan Zhao, Hong He, Wen Wang, Lei Wang, Haibo Du, Kai Liu, Shengwei Zong. Predicting Wetland Distribution Changes under Climate Change and Human Activities in a Mid- and High-Latitude Region. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (3):863.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dandan Zhao; Hong He; Wen Wang; Lei Wang; Haibo Du; Kai Liu; Shengwei Zong. 2018. "Predicting Wetland Distribution Changes under Climate Change and Human Activities in a Mid- and High-Latitude Region." Sustainability 10, no. 3: 863.