Titanium has been the material of choice for dental implant fixtures due to its exceptional qualities, such as its excellent balance of rigidity and stiffness. Since zirconia is a soft-tissue-friendly material and caters to esthetic demands, it is an alternative to titanium for use in implants. Nevertheless, bone density plays a vital role in determining the material and design of implants. Compromised bone density leads to both early and late implant failures due to a lack of implant stability. Therefore, this narrative review aims to investigate the influence of implant material/design and surgical technique on bone density from both biomechanical and biological standpoints. Relevant articles were included for analysis. Dental implant materials can be fabricated from titanium, zirconia, and PEEK. In terms of mechanical and biological aspects, titanium is still the gold standard for dental implant materials. Additionally, the macro- and microgeometry of dental implants play a role in determining and planning the appropriate treatment because it can enhance the mechanical stress transmitted to the bone tissue. Under low-density conditions, a conical titanium implant design, longer length, large diameter, reverse buttress with self-tapping, small thread pitch, and deep thread depth are recommended. Implant material, implant design, surgical techniques, and bone density are pivotal factors affecting the success rates of dental implant placement in low-density bone. Further study is required to find the optimal implant material for a clinical setting’s bone state.

Introduction. The removable partial denture (RPD) components, especially the retentive arm, play a major role in the loading characteristic on supporting structures. Objective. To evaluate and compare the effect of different clasp designs on the stress distribution pattern, maximum von Mises stress, and average hydrostatic pressure on abutment teeth, as well as edentulous ridges, mini dental implants (MDIs), and peri‐implant bone between the conventional removable partial denture (CRPD) and mini dental implant‐assisted distal extension removable partial denture (IARPD) using a three‐dimensional finite element analysis (3D FEA). Materials and Methods. 3D FEA models of mandibular arches, with and without bilateral MDI at the second molar areas, and Kennedy class I RPD frameworks, with RPA, RPI, Akers, and no clasp component, were generated. A total of 200 N vertical load was bilaterally applied on both sides of distal extension areas, and the stress was analyzed by 3D FEA. Results. The stress concentration of IARPD with RPI clasp design was located more lingually on abutment teeth, MDI, and peri‐implant bone, while the other designs were observed distally on the supporting structures. The maximum von Mises stress on the abutment root surface was decreased when the RPDs were assisted with MDIs. The CRPD and IARPD with the Akers clasp design showed the highest von Mises stress followed by the designs with RPA and RPI clasp, respectively. The average hydrostatic pressure in each group was in approximation. Conclusion. The placement of MDIs on distal extension ridges helps to reduce the stress concentration on denture supporting structures. The maximum von Mises stress is affected by the different designs of clasp components. The CRPD and the IARPD with RPI clasp provide the least stress on supporting structures.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have gained significant attention in the biomedical field owing to their versatile properties. AuNPs can be customized by modifying their size, shape and surface characteristics. In recent years, extensive research has explored the integration of AuNPs into various dental materials, including titanium, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and resin composites. This review aims to summarize the advancements in the application of modified AuNPs in dental materials and to assess their effects on related cellular processes in the dental field. Relevant articles published in English on AuNPs in association with dental materials were identified through a systematic search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and ScienceDirect databases from January 2014 to April 2024. Future prospects for the utilization of AuNPs in the field of dentistry are surveyed.