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Irene Poza-Casado
RG Architecture & Energy, Universidad de Valladolid, 47014 Valladolid, Spain

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Journal article
Published: 28 July 2021 in Sustainability
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This paper describes the implementation of a series of ventilation strategies in a nursery and primary school from September 2020, when the government decided to resume the students’ face-to-face activity in the middle of a COVID scenario. Air quality and hygrothermal comfort conditions were analysed before the pandemic and compared for different ventilation configurations in a post-COVID scenario. Ventilation strategies included the protocols issued by the Public Administration, while others were developed based on the typological configuration and use of the school. Results revealed that it is advisable to implement certain strategies that reduce the risk of infection among the occupants of the spaces, without a significant decrease in hygrothermal comfort. Given the importance of maintaining better IAQ in the future within classrooms, and regarding the pre-COVID situation, these strategies may be extended beyond this pandemic period, through a simple protocol and necessary didactic package to be assumed by both teachers and students of the centre.

ACS Style

Alberto Meiss; Héctor Jimeno-Merino; Irene Poza-Casado; Alfredo Llorente-Álvarez; Miguel Padilla-Marcos. Indoor Air Quality in Naturally Ventilated Classrooms. Lessons Learned from a Case Study in a COVID-19 Scenario. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8446 .

AMA Style

Alberto Meiss, Héctor Jimeno-Merino, Irene Poza-Casado, Alfredo Llorente-Álvarez, Miguel Padilla-Marcos. Indoor Air Quality in Naturally Ventilated Classrooms. Lessons Learned from a Case Study in a COVID-19 Scenario. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8446.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alberto Meiss; Héctor Jimeno-Merino; Irene Poza-Casado; Alfredo Llorente-Álvarez; Miguel Padilla-Marcos. 2021. "Indoor Air Quality in Naturally Ventilated Classrooms. Lessons Learned from a Case Study in a COVID-19 Scenario." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8446.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2021 in Sustainability
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Indoor air quality (IAQ) in educational buildings is a key element of the students’ well-being and academic performance. Window-opening behavior and air infiltration, generally used as the sole ventilation sources in existing educational buildings, often lead to unhealthy levels of indoor pollutants and energy waste. This paper evaluates the conditions of natural ventilation in classrooms in order to study how climate conditions affect energy waste. For that purpose, the impact of the air infiltration both on the IAQ and on the efficiency of the ventilation was evaluated in two university classrooms with natural ventilation in the Continental area of Spain. The research methodology was based on site sensors to analyze IAQ parameters such as CO2, Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC), Particulate Matter (PM), and other climate parameters for a week during the cold season. Airtightness was then assessed within the classrooms and the close built environment by means of pressurization tests, and infiltration rates were estimated. The obtained results were used to set up a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model to evaluate the age of the local air and the ventilation efficiency value. The results revealed that ventilation cannot rely only on air infiltration, and, therefore, specific controlled ventilation strategies should be implemented to improve IAQ and to avoid excessive energy loss.

ACS Style

Irene Poza-Casado; Raquel Gil-Valverde; Alberto Meiss; Miguel Padilla-Marcos. Impact of Air Infiltration on IAQ and Ventilation Efficiency in Higher Educational Classrooms in Spain. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6875 .

AMA Style

Irene Poza-Casado, Raquel Gil-Valverde, Alberto Meiss, Miguel Padilla-Marcos. Impact of Air Infiltration on IAQ and Ventilation Efficiency in Higher Educational Classrooms in Spain. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6875.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irene Poza-Casado; Raquel Gil-Valverde; Alberto Meiss; Miguel Padilla-Marcos. 2021. "Impact of Air Infiltration on IAQ and Ventilation Efficiency in Higher Educational Classrooms in Spain." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6875.

Journal article
Published: 15 December 2020 in Energy and Buildings
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The energy consumption in buildings is still very high despite its reduction in recent years. Buildings’ conditioning is the main cause of this energy consumption and, in this sense, air infiltration has a great impact. The control of air infiltration is essential to achieve thermal comfort and energy efficiency. The evaluation of the global airtightness of the building envelope based on pressurization tests has been broadly used to determine the airtightness of buildings, but it cannot define the shape of air leakages. The use of thermography in combination with pressurization tools could be very useful. This paper presents the laboratory experimental measurements to obtain a three-dimensional definition of the air temperature when passing through a controlled envelope gap. The method is based on the bidimensional temperature matrix, captured by infrared (IR) thermography, that the air leakeage produces close to the gap, and depending on the configuration of the air inlet and airflow. The temperature measurement was done using a non-continuous rendering surface in order to avoid the Coanda effect that opaque surfaces cause, achieving in this way a 42% increase in the measuring accuracy.

ACS Style

Raquel Gil-Valverde; Diego Tamayo-Alonso; Andrés Royuela-Del-Val; Irene Poza-Casado; Alberto Meiss; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos. Three-dimensional characterization of air infiltration using infrared thermography. Energy and Buildings 2020, 233, 110656 .

AMA Style

Raquel Gil-Valverde, Diego Tamayo-Alonso, Andrés Royuela-Del-Val, Irene Poza-Casado, Alberto Meiss, Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos. Three-dimensional characterization of air infiltration using infrared thermography. Energy and Buildings. 2020; 233 ():110656.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raquel Gil-Valverde; Diego Tamayo-Alonso; Andrés Royuela-Del-Val; Irene Poza-Casado; Alberto Meiss; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos. 2020. "Three-dimensional characterization of air infiltration using infrared thermography." Energy and Buildings 233, no. : 110656.

Review
Published: 25 August 2020 in Building and Environment
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The airtightness of buildings has gained relevance in the last decade. The spread of the regulatory frameworks, the demand of stricter requirements, schemes for testing and quality control, the creation of airtightness databases and its analysis, is proof of this reality. The present review encompasses schemes developed in Europe and North America with regard to these aspects for national residential sectors. A normative framework on requirements and recommendations at the national level is compiled. Whole building airtightness databases are compared based on their structures and measurement data acquisition protocols. Gathered complementary information not directly related to testing is analysed and airtightness influencing factors importance and relationships are discussed. Weaknesses and strengths in the different aspects of the existing database setups are identified. Also, neglected or not entirely undertaken topics are pinpointed together with the suggestion of possible opportunities for future works and changes. Amongst other relevant remarks and discussions, it is concluded that the lack of uniformization in method between countries, the need for a minimum data setup, the lack of data analysis on relating the energy impact with the advancement in requirements of airtightness performance and the implemented setups are some of the main issues to address in the near future.

ACS Style

Irene Poza-Casado; Vitor E.M. Cardoso; Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida; Alberto Meiss; Nuno M. M. Ramos; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos. Residential buildings airtightness frameworks: A review on the main databases and setups in Europe and North America. Building and Environment 2020, 183, 107221 .

AMA Style

Irene Poza-Casado, Vitor E.M. Cardoso, Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida, Alberto Meiss, Nuno M. M. Ramos, Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos. Residential buildings airtightness frameworks: A review on the main databases and setups in Europe and North America. Building and Environment. 2020; 183 ():107221.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irene Poza-Casado; Vitor E.M. Cardoso; Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida; Alberto Meiss; Nuno M. M. Ramos; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos. 2020. "Residential buildings airtightness frameworks: A review on the main databases and setups in Europe and North America." Building and Environment 183, no. : 107221.

Articles
Published: 30 June 2020 in International Journal of Ventilation
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Addressing the airtightness of the building envelope is key to achieve thermal comfort, good performance ofventilation systems and to avoid excessive energy consumption. Previous studies have estimated an energy impact of infiltration on the heating demand between 2 and 20 kW h/(m2 y) in regions with temperate climates. In Spain, this issue has not yet been addressed in depth. This study aims to assess the energy impact of uncontrolled airflows through the envelope in residential buildings in Spain. For this purpose, airtightness results of more than 400 blower door tests have been analysed. Multi-family and single-family dwellings built in several periods and located in nine regions with different climate characteristics have been studied. Infiltration was found to have an energy impact in the range 2.43–19.07 kW h/(m2 y) for the heating demand, whereas it is not so significant regarding the cooling demand. The obtained results show great potential for energy saving in the country.

ACS Style

Irene Poza-Casado; Alberto Meiss; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos; Jesús Feijó-Muñoz. Airtightness and energy impact of air infiltration in residential buildings in Spain. International Journal of Ventilation 2020, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Irene Poza-Casado, Alberto Meiss, Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos, Jesús Feijó-Muñoz. Airtightness and energy impact of air infiltration in residential buildings in Spain. International Journal of Ventilation. 2020; ():1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irene Poza-Casado; Alberto Meiss; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos; Jesús Feijó-Muñoz. 2020. "Airtightness and energy impact of air infiltration in residential buildings in Spain." International Journal of Ventilation , no. : 1-7.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2020 in Sustainability
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Indoor air quality in buildings must be guaranteed for the health and comfort of the occupants. In order to assess the ventilation strategy of a considered room, the parameter of the air change efficiency ( ε a ) can be used. The objective of this work is to provide designers with a graphical tool for a reliable estimate of the value of ε a of a room. The temperature gradient between the outdoor air supply and the indoor air is so low that the ventilation flow can be assumed as isothermal when high-efficiency heat recovery systems are used. By means of charts, the optimal location of the openings for a better ε a can be determined during the design process, in order to subsequently apply them. It is concluded that it is very important to consider the ε a in the case of openings located in facing walls given that its range varies between 40% and 65%. In contrast, its use can be obviated in the case of openings located in non-facing walls, as the value of ε a obtained is close to 50%; this means a perfect mixing air flow pattern, which is the reference value for the estimation of the indoor air quality (IAQ) in the different national regulations.

ACS Style

Alberto Meiss; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos; Irene Poza-Casado; Antonio Álvaro-Tordesillas. A Graphical Tool to Estimate the Air Change Efficiency in Rooms with Heat Recovery Systems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1031 .

AMA Style

Alberto Meiss, Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos, Irene Poza-Casado, Antonio Álvaro-Tordesillas. A Graphical Tool to Estimate the Air Change Efficiency in Rooms with Heat Recovery Systems. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (3):1031.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alberto Meiss; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos; Irene Poza-Casado; Antonio Álvaro-Tordesillas. 2020. "A Graphical Tool to Estimate the Air Change Efficiency in Rooms with Heat Recovery Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 3: 1031.

Journal article
Published: 25 October 2019 in Educación XX1
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The hasty changes in the curricula that have occurred in recent years in the School of Architecture of XXX have generated some problems in the subject of Descriptive Geometry that have been added to others that had been ongoing for many years. A Teaching Innovation Project (TIP) seeks to provide a solution to the problems raised with new methods of teaching inside and outside the classroom and greater interaction between the students and the professor. This way, geometry is no longer something abstract, unrelated to the professional practice of the architect. Thereby, it is intended to structure a new subject that provides students not only with graphic and spatial techniques but also with teamwork, cooperation, training, sufficiency and autonomy resources that help them in the development of their future career. In order to carry out this new methodology for teaching, a course based on gamification has been designed, which allows the students to focus on the subject from a more playful point of view with the aim of motivating and involving them. Based on a three-year experience of comparative work between the traditional and the proposed systems, the conclusions obtained with regards to the withdrawal rate, academic performance and perception of the teaching method are presented in this paper. The incorporation of techniques based on games had a motivating effect on the students, who discovered a way of learning by playing what they previously perceived as a tedious subject.

ACS Style

Antonio Álvaro-Tordesillas; Marta Alonso-Rodríguez; Irene Poza-Casado; Noelia Galván-Desvaux. Gamification experience in the subject of descriptive geometry for architecture. Educación XX1 2019, 23, 1 .

AMA Style

Antonio Álvaro-Tordesillas, Marta Alonso-Rodríguez, Irene Poza-Casado, Noelia Galván-Desvaux. Gamification experience in the subject of descriptive geometry for architecture. Educación XX1. 2019; 23 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Álvaro-Tordesillas; Marta Alonso-Rodríguez; Irene Poza-Casado; Noelia Galván-Desvaux. 2019. "Gamification experience in the subject of descriptive geometry for architecture." Educación XX1 23, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 18 February 2019 in Energy and Buildings
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Air infiltration through the building envelope has already been proven to have a significant energy impact in dwellings. Different studies have been carried out in Europe, but there is still a lack of knowledge in this field regarding mild climates. An experimental field study has been carried out in the Mediterranean climate area of Spain and the Canary Islands in order to assess the air permeability of the building envelope and its energy impact. A wide characterization and Blower Door tests have been performed in 225 cases in Alicante, Barcelona, Málaga, Sevilla and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria for this purpose. The obtained mean air permeability rate for the 225 studied cases was 6.56 m3/(h·m2). The influence of several variables on airtightness was statistically analysed, although only location, climate zone and window material were found to be significant. Air infiltration has an energy impact between 2.43 and 16.44 kWh/m2·year on the heating demand and between 0.54 and 3.06 kWh/m2·year on the cooling demand.

ACS Style

Jesús Feijó-Muñoz; Cristina Pardal; Víctor Echarri; Jesica Fernández-Agüera; Rafael Assiego de Larriva; Manuel Montesdeoca Calderín; Irene Poza-Casado; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos; Alberto Meiss. Energy impact of the air infiltration in residential buildings in the Mediterranean area of Spain and the Canary islands. Energy and Buildings 2019, 188-189, 226 -238.

AMA Style

Jesús Feijó-Muñoz, Cristina Pardal, Víctor Echarri, Jesica Fernández-Agüera, Rafael Assiego de Larriva, Manuel Montesdeoca Calderín, Irene Poza-Casado, Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos, Alberto Meiss. Energy impact of the air infiltration in residential buildings in the Mediterranean area of Spain and the Canary islands. Energy and Buildings. 2019; 188-189 ():226-238.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jesús Feijó-Muñoz; Cristina Pardal; Víctor Echarri; Jesica Fernández-Agüera; Rafael Assiego de Larriva; Manuel Montesdeoca Calderín; Irene Poza-Casado; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos; Alberto Meiss. 2019. "Energy impact of the air infiltration in residential buildings in the Mediterranean area of Spain and the Canary islands." Energy and Buildings 188-189, no. : 226-238.

Journal article
Published: 15 November 2018 in Building and Environment
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Infiltration plays a relevant role regarding the energy performance of buildings. Many European countries have already established standards which aim to limit the energy waste through the envelope following the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive guidelines. However, in Mediterranean countries there is still a lack of knowledge in this field. An extensive study has been carried out in order to characterize the air leakage through the envelope of the existing housing stock in the Continental climate area of Spain. Results of 129 dwellings tested, including different typologies and periods of construction, are shown. Blower door tests were performed, and thermal imaging was used to locate leakage paths. Single-family dwellings were found to be more airtight than apartments, given that the mean air permeability rate at 50 Pa (q50) was 5.4 m3/h·m2 and 6.8 m3/h·m2 respectively. The mean air change rate at 50 Pa (n50) was 6.1 h−1 for single-family dwellings and 7.1 h−1 for multi-family housing. Nevertheless, great dispersion of results and extreme values were found. In addition, the influence of several construction characteristics on permeability results was assessed.

ACS Style

Jesús Feijó-Muñoz; Roberto Alonso González-Lezcano; Irene Poza-Casado; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos; Alberto Meiss. Airtightness of residential buildings in the Continental area of Spain. Building and Environment 2018, 148, 299 -308.

AMA Style

Jesús Feijó-Muñoz, Roberto Alonso González-Lezcano, Irene Poza-Casado, Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos, Alberto Meiss. Airtightness of residential buildings in the Continental area of Spain. Building and Environment. 2018; 148 ():299-308.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jesús Feijó-Muñoz; Roberto Alonso González-Lezcano; Irene Poza-Casado; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos; Alberto Meiss. 2018. "Airtightness of residential buildings in the Continental area of Spain." Building and Environment 148, no. : 299-308.

Journal article
Published: 13 March 2018 in Energies
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ACS Style

Jesús Feijó-Muñoz; Irene Poza-Casado; Roberto Alonso González-Lezcano; Cristina Pardal; Víctor Echarri; Rafael Assiego De Larriva; Jesica Fernández-Agüera; María Jesús Dios-Viéitez; Víctor José Del Campo-Díaz; Manuel Montesdeoca Calderín; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos; Alberto Meiss. Methodology for the Study of the Envelope Airtightness of Residential Buildings in Spain: A Case Study. Energies 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Jesús Feijó-Muñoz, Irene Poza-Casado, Roberto Alonso González-Lezcano, Cristina Pardal, Víctor Echarri, Rafael Assiego De Larriva, Jesica Fernández-Agüera, María Jesús Dios-Viéitez, Víctor José Del Campo-Díaz, Manuel Montesdeoca Calderín, Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos, Alberto Meiss. Methodology for the Study of the Envelope Airtightness of Residential Buildings in Spain: A Case Study. Energies. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jesús Feijó-Muñoz; Irene Poza-Casado; Roberto Alonso González-Lezcano; Cristina Pardal; Víctor Echarri; Rafael Assiego De Larriva; Jesica Fernández-Agüera; María Jesús Dios-Viéitez; Víctor José Del Campo-Díaz; Manuel Montesdeoca Calderín; Miguel Ángel Padilla-Marcos; Alberto Meiss. 2018. "Methodology for the Study of the Envelope Airtightness of Residential Buildings in Spain: A Case Study." Energies , no. : 1.