Sample-level data preserving dependence among sequential tea infusions remain scarce. This secondary analysis examined a CC BY 4.0 dataset containing 34 black teas with three linked sequential infusions per sample. We reconstructed the cumulative element mass after consuming all three infusions versus discarding the first. The primary hazard index (HI) excluded Pb because no health-protective threshold can be established; Pb exposure and a legacy Pb-based HI were reported separately. At 10 g dry tea/day and 65 kg body weight, the median Pb-excluded HI decreased from 0.419 (IQR 0.258–0.497) to 0.260 (0.157–0.326), with a mean relative reduction of 37.1% (95% bootstrap CI 34.4–39.8%). No sample exceeded HI = 1, but this does not establish safety. When beverage volume was held at 80 mL, the mean HI reduction was only 5.7% (1.5–9.7%), showing that much of the apparent benefit reflected lower consumed volume. The total-As-based As HQ remained below one. Total-As cancer screening decreased by 35.9%; however, the proportion above 10⁻⁴ ranged from 0% to 64.7% across assumed inorganic-As fractions of 10–100%, demonstrating strong speciation dependence. Discarding the first infusion also reduced the estimated brewed yields of Cu, Se, and Zn by amounts equivalent to 2.4% of the adult Cu RDA, 2.5% of the Se RDA, and 0.4–0.5% of the Zn RDA; these estimates describe elemental yield in the beverage rather than absorbed nutrient intake. Overall, discarding the first infusion reduces estimated hazard indices primarily through decreased beverage volume rather than selective removal of toxic elements. Because extraction kinetics heavily depend on preparation techniques—such as traditional two-pot brewing—and regional tea chemistry, these findings cannot be directly extrapolated to Turkish teas. Instead, this study establishes a standardized exposure framework that highlights a critical knowledge gap and underscores the need for paired empirical studies evaluating local cultivars under authentic preparation practices.

Objective: Oxidative stress is triggered by malnutrition and antioxidant losses due to dialysis in hemodialysis patients and thus, oxidative stress increases the risk of mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease and obesity. The study aims to determine differences in cardiovascular risk scores and obesity indices between hemodialysis and control groups and to examine the relationship between the tertiles of dietary total antioxidant capacity with cardiovascular risk, and obesity in hemodialysis and control groups. Methods: This is a cross-sectional case-control study involving hemodialysis patients (n=46) and healthy individuals (n=46). Participants’ general characteristics were obtained via a questionnaire, and the Framingham Risk Score was calculated. The dietary total antioxidant capacity was calculated using two methods based on a seven-day food record. Obesity indices, such as Basal Metabolism Index and Body Shape Index, were calculated using anthropometric measurements. Results: The mean age of the participants was 51.1±10.4 years. In the hemodialysis group, obesity indices including body weight, Basal Metabolism Index, waist circumference, fat mass index, and fat-free mass index were lower, while Framingham Risk Score values were higher than the control group (p<0.05). Energy-adjusted dietary total antioksidant capacity values were lower in hemodialysis group, and most patients were in the low tertiles of Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter, ferric reducing-antioxidant power and vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (p<0.05). Conclusion: Providing hemodialysis patients with a healthy diet can increase the dietary total antioxidant capacity, and potentially reduce cardiovascular risk, and obesity indices.

Background/Objectives: The increasing prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia among older adults represents a major public health concern. This study aimed to examine the relationships between anthropometric status, dietary diversity, dietary quality, and cognitive performance in older adults. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measurements were performed. The Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), Healthy Eating Index-2020 (HEI-2020), 24 h dietary recall and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were used. We used hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Among 117 older adults, 53.0% screened positive for possible mild cognitive impairment (MCI) based on the MoCA. Participants screening positive for possible MCI had a higher body mass index (BMI) compared to those with normal cognitive performance (32.67 ± 5.78 and 29.54 ± 3.39 kg/m²; p < 0.001) and a higher prevalence of obesity (62.9% and 41.8%; p = 0.027). The final regression model explained 26.0% of the variance in MoCA scores (R² = 0.260; adjusted R² = 0.212; p < 0.001). More years of education were associated with higher MoCA scores (B = 0.768, β = 0.363, p < 0.001), while higher BMI was associated with lower MoCA scores (B = −0.301, β = −0.240, p = 0.010). Conclusions: In older adults, higher BMI values were found to be associated with lower MoCA scores in the adjusted model. In this sample, no significant correlation was found between DDS and HEI-2020 scores obtained from a single 24 h food intake record and MoCA scores. Longitudinal studies including repeated nutritional assessments are needed to clarify the direction of these relationships.

Background/Objectives: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) commonly experience feeding- and nutrition-related problems, while families increasingly encounter large language model (LLM)-based tools as sources of health information. Evidence on the reliability of these tools for ASD-specific medical nutrition therapy (MNT) remains limited. The aim of this study is to compare the responses of four publicly available LLM-based platform configurations to nutrition questions related to ASD in terms of quality, guideline compliance, readability, and hallucination. Methods: In this cross-sectional comparative benchmark study, 60 standardized, unbiased informational questions across five MNT domains (12 per domain) were each submitted once in separate sessions to four LLM-based platform configurations: ChatGPT, ChatGPT Plus, Microsoft Copilot, and Google Gemini, yielding 240 responses. Only one response was evaluated for each question-platform combination, and variability between repeated productions was not measured. Four nutrition and dietetics experts, blinded to platform identity, assessed response quality using Medical Artificial Intelligence Quality Analysis (QAMAI) and Global Quality Score (GQS), and reviewed compliance with NICE guidelines and the American Academy of Pediatrics clinical report, and evaluated readability and binary hallucination classifications. QAMAI, GQS, and guideline-concordance scores were compared using generalized estimating equations with a Gamma distribution and a log link. Results: Platform, domain (D), and platform × domain effects were significant for QAMAI, GQS, and guideline concordance (all omnibus p < 0.05). ChatGPT Plus had the highest overall mean QAMAI, GQS, and guideline-concordance scores. Gemini showed relatively high quality ratings but the lowest overall concordance with guidelines. In the analyzed response set, no hallucinations were detected in either the ChatGPT or ChatGPT Plus configurations (0/60 each; 0%). Hallucinations were detected in 21/60 (35.0%) of the Copilot responses and in 38/60 (63.3%) of the Gemini responses. Overall platform comparisons of hallucination classifications across the five domains were significant in all five domains after false discovery rate correction; pairwise differences remained significant in D1, D2, and D5, but not in D3 or D4. Mean Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level scores ranged from 14.62 to 18.87 across platforms. Conclusions: In this standardized single-generation comparison, overall response quality, guideline compliance, readability, and findings on hallucinations did not always coincide. Observed hallucination rates are limited to the response set examined. The observation of zero events in two ChatGPT configurations does not indicate the absence of hallucination risk, nor does it provide a basis for differentiating the configurations or concluding that they are equivalent in this respect. The binary hallucination rates did not reflect error severity and therefore should not be used to compare the clinical risks of the platforms. The findings are limited to a controlled set of questions and cannot be generalized to emotional, directive, or multi-round caregiver interactions. The ASD nutritional information generated by the LLM should be evaluated multidimensionally and subjected to expert validation. Studies involving repeated independent response generation in each question-platform combination are necessary for comparing hallucination tendencies.

Background: Sustainable and healthy eating behaviors play an important role in supporting both individual health and environmental sustainability. This study aimed to examine the relationships of health literacy, digital healthy diet literacy, and food neophobia with sustainable and healthy eating behaviors among university students, and to evaluate the associations of these variables with sustainable and healthy eating behaviors after accounting for sociodemographic, anthropometric, and selected dietary characteristics. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 300 undergraduate students selected via convenience sampling from a single state university in Türkiye between May and July 2022. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and nutritional characteristics of the participants were assessed. Health literacy, digital healthy eating literacy, food neophobia, and sustainable and healthy eating behaviors were measured using valid and reliable scales. Relationships among variables were examined using Pearson correlation analysis. Factors independently associated with sustainable and healthy eating behaviors were evaluated using hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis. Results: The mean age of the participants was 22.3 ± 3.16 years, and 70.0% were female. The total score for sustainable and healthy eating behaviors was found to be 3.79 ± 1.13. Health literacy was positively correlated with sustainable and healthy eating behaviors ( r = 0.215; p < 0.001). Digital healthy diet literacy ( r = 0.045; p = 0.435) and food neophobia ( r = 0.017; p = 0.767) were not significantly correlated with sustainable and healthy eating behaviors. In the final hierarchical regression model, perceived healthy eating ( β = 0.310; p < 0.001) and health literacy ( β = 0.221; p < 0.001) were positively associated with sustainable and healthy eating behaviors after accounting for other model variables, while current smoking was negatively associated with sustainable and healthy eating behaviors ( β = −0.154; p = 0.009). The final model explained 19.1% of the variance ( R ² = 0.191). Conclusion: Health literacy was independently associated with sustainable and healthy eating behaviors among university students. However, no significant associations were found between food neophobia and either digital healthy eating literacy or sustainable and healthy eating behaviors. Future longitudinal and intervention studies may clarify the direction of this relationship and the underlying mechanisms.