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A new Modular Multilevel Converter with Interleaved half-bridge Sub-Modules (ISM-MMC) is proposed in this paper. The ISM-MMC exhibits a higher modularity and scalability in terms of current ratings with respect to a conventional MMC, while preserves the typical voltage level adaptiveness. The ISM-MMC brings the known advantages of classical MMC to low-voltage, high-current applications making it a novel candidate for the sector of ultra-fast chargers for all types of electrical vehicles (EV). This advanced topology makes it possible to easily reach charging power of the EV charging system up to 4.5 MW and beyond with low-voltage supply. To operate the new converter, a hybrid modulation scheme that helps to exploit advantages of the interleaving scheme, is implemented, and explained in this paper. It has been verified that the typical MMC control methods are still applicable for ISM-MMC. A comparative study between classical MMC and ISM-MMC configurations in terms of output characteristics and efficiency is also given. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the number of ac voltage levels is synthetically multiplied by the number of interleaved half-bridge legs in submodules. Numerical simulations and Hardware-in-the-Loop tests are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed topology and implemented modulation scheme.
Aleksandr Viatkin; Mattia Ricco; Riccardo Mandrioli; Tamas Kerekes; Remus Teodorescu; Gabriele Grandi. A Novel Modular Multilevel Converter Based on Interleaved Half-Bridge Submodules. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAleksandr Viatkin, Mattia Ricco, Riccardo Mandrioli, Tamas Kerekes, Remus Teodorescu, Gabriele Grandi. A Novel Modular Multilevel Converter Based on Interleaved Half-Bridge Submodules. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandr Viatkin; Mattia Ricco; Riccardo Mandrioli; Tamas Kerekes; Remus Teodorescu; Gabriele Grandi. 2021. "A Novel Modular Multilevel Converter Based on Interleaved Half-Bridge Submodules." , no. : 1.
A new Modular Multilevel Converter with Interleaved half-bridge Sub-Modules (ISM-MMC) is proposed in this paper. The ISM-MMC exhibits a higher modularity and scalability in terms of current ratings with respect to a conventional MMC, while preserves the typical voltage level adaptiveness. The ISM-MMC brings the known advantages of classical MMC to low-voltage, high-current applications making it a novel candidate for the sector of ultra-fast chargers for all types of electrical vehicles (EV). This advanced topology makes it possible to easily reach charging power of the EV charging system up to 4.5 MW and beyond with low-voltage supply. To operate the new converter, a hybrid modulation scheme that helps to exploit advantages of the interleaving scheme, is implemented, and explained in this paper. It has been verified that the typical MMC control methods are still applicable for ISM-MMC. A comparative study between classical MMC and ISM-MMC configurations in terms of output characteristics and efficiency is also given. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the number of ac voltage levels is synthetically multiplied by the number of interleaved half-bridge legs in submodules. Numerical simulations and Hardware-in-the-Loop tests are carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed topology and implemented modulation scheme.
Aleksandr Viatkin; Mattia Ricco; Riccardo Mandrioli; Tamas Kerekes; Remus Teodorescu; Gabriele Grandi. A Novel Modular Multilevel Converter Based on Interleaved Half-Bridge Submodules. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleAleksandr Viatkin, Mattia Ricco, Riccardo Mandrioli, Tamas Kerekes, Remus Teodorescu, Gabriele Grandi. A Novel Modular Multilevel Converter Based on Interleaved Half-Bridge Submodules. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandr Viatkin; Mattia Ricco; Riccardo Mandrioli; Tamas Kerekes; Remus Teodorescu; Gabriele Grandi. 2021. "A Novel Modular Multilevel Converter Based on Interleaved Half-Bridge Submodules." , no. : 1.
The current switching ripple in a three-phase four-wire split-capacitor converter is analyzed in this paper for all the four ac output wires in relation to both balanced and unbalanced working conditions. Specifically, analytical formulations of the peak-to-peak and root mean square (RMS) current ripples are originally evaluated as a function of the modulation index, separately for the three phases and the neutral wire. Initially, the single-carrier sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is outlined, as it generally concerns a straightforward and effective modulation. With the aim of mitigating the current ripple in the neutral wire, the interleaved multiple-carrier PWM strategy is adopted, also avoiding any repercussion on the phase one. Numerical simulations and experimental tests were carried out to verify all the analytical developments.
Riccardo Mandrioli; Manel Hammami; Aleksandr Viatkin; Riccardo Barbone; Davide Pontara; Mattia Ricco. Phase and Neutral Current Ripple Analysis in Three-Phase Four-Wire Split-Capacitor Grid Converter for EV Chargers. Electronics 2021, 10, 1016 .
AMA StyleRiccardo Mandrioli, Manel Hammami, Aleksandr Viatkin, Riccardo Barbone, Davide Pontara, Mattia Ricco. Phase and Neutral Current Ripple Analysis in Three-Phase Four-Wire Split-Capacitor Grid Converter for EV Chargers. Electronics. 2021; 10 (9):1016.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiccardo Mandrioli; Manel Hammami; Aleksandr Viatkin; Riccardo Barbone; Davide Pontara; Mattia Ricco. 2021. "Phase and Neutral Current Ripple Analysis in Three-Phase Four-Wire Split-Capacitor Grid Converter for EV Chargers." Electronics 10, no. 9: 1016.
This paper presents a comprehensive study of peak-to-peak and root-mean-square (RMS) values of AC current ripples with balanced and unbalanced fundamental currents in a generic case of three-phase four-leg converters with uncoupled AC interface inductors present in all three phases and in neutral. The AC current ripple characteristics were determined for both phase and neutral currents, considering the sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) method. The derived expressions are simple, effective, and ready for accurate AC current ripple calculations in three- or four-leg converters. This is particularly handy in the converter design process, since there is no need for heavy numerical simulations to determine an optimal set of design parameters, such as switching frequency and line inductances, based on the grid code or load restrictions in terms of AC current ripple. Particular attention has been paid to the performance comparison between the conventional three-phase three-leg converter and its four-leg counterpart, with distinct line inductance values in the neutral wire. In addition to that, a design example was performed to demonstrate the power of the derived equations. Numerical simulations and extensive experimental tests were thoroughly verified the analytical developments.
Aleksandr Viatkin; Riccardo Mandrioli; Manel Hammami; Mattia Ricco; Gabriele Grandi. AC Current Ripple in Three-Phase Four-Leg PWM Converters with Neutral Line Inductor. Energies 2021, 14, 1430 .
AMA StyleAleksandr Viatkin, Riccardo Mandrioli, Manel Hammami, Mattia Ricco, Gabriele Grandi. AC Current Ripple in Three-Phase Four-Leg PWM Converters with Neutral Line Inductor. Energies. 2021; 14 (5):1430.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandr Viatkin; Riccardo Mandrioli; Manel Hammami; Mattia Ricco; Gabriele Grandi. 2021. "AC Current Ripple in Three-Phase Four-Leg PWM Converters with Neutral Line Inductor." Energies 14, no. 5: 1430.
This paper presents a thorough prediction of DC-link voltage switching ripples in the three-phase four-leg inverters operating in balanced and unbalanced working conditions. The unbalanced modes examined here employ the highest degree of AC current imbalance while still preserving three-phase operation. This behavior can be found in many grid-connected or standalone grid-forming three-phase converters that supply “heavy” single-phase loads, comprising a recent trend in smart-grid, smart electric vehicle (EV)-charging applications. In this sense, for instance, the smart EV chargers might be employed in conditions when different power is drawn/injected from/to the grid, providing power conditioning services to the latter. The analysis of three-phase four-leg inverters is then extended to single-phase operations typical of home-charging or vehicle-to-home (V2H) applications. Their performances in terms of DC-link voltage switching ripple are demonstrated. Two of the most common carrier-based PWM modulation techniques are employed to drive the three-phase inverter—namely, sinusoidal PWM and centered PWM (carrier-based analogy of the space vector modulation). The derived mathematical expressions of peak-to-peak and RMS values of DC-link voltage switching ripple for balanced and unbalanced conditions are handy for designing the associated DC-link capacitor and estimating the overall efficiency of the converter. Extensive numerical simulations and experimental tests have been performed to validate the presented analytical developments.
Riccardo Mandrioli; Aleksandr Viatkin; Manel Hammami; Mattia Ricco; Gabriele Grandi. Prediction of DC-Link Voltage Switching Ripple in Three-Phase Four-Leg PWM Inverters. Energies 2021, 14, 1434 .
AMA StyleRiccardo Mandrioli, Aleksandr Viatkin, Manel Hammami, Mattia Ricco, Gabriele Grandi. Prediction of DC-Link Voltage Switching Ripple in Three-Phase Four-Leg PWM Inverters. Energies. 2021; 14 (5):1434.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiccardo Mandrioli; Aleksandr Viatkin; Manel Hammami; Mattia Ricco; Gabriele Grandi. 2021. "Prediction of DC-Link Voltage Switching Ripple in Three-Phase Four-Leg PWM Inverters." Energies 14, no. 5: 1434.
Three-phase four-leg voltage-source converters have been considered for some recent projects in smart grids and in the automotive industry, projects such as on-board electric vehicles (EVs) chargers, thanks to their built-in ability to handle unbalanced AC currents through the 4th wire (neutral). Although conventional carrier-based modulations (CBMs) and space vector modulations (SVMs) have been commonly applied and extensively studied for three-phase four-leg voltage-source converters, very little has been reported concerning their pollution impact on AC grid in terms of switching ripple currents. This paper introduces a thorough analytical derivation of peak-to-peak and RMS values of the AC current ripple under balanced and unbalanced working conditions, in the case of three-phase four-leg converters with uncoupled AC-link inductors. The proposed mathematical approach covers both phase and neutral currents. All analytical findings have been applied to two industry recognized CBM methods, namely sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (PWM) and centered PWM (equivalent to SVM). The derived equations are effective, simple, and ready-to-use for accurate AC current ripple calculations. At the same time, the proposed equations and diagrams can be successfully adopted to design the conversion system basing on the grid codes in terms of current ripple (or total harmonic distortion (THD)/total demand distortion (TDD)) restrictions, enabling the sizing of AC-link inductors and the determination of the proper switching frequency for the given operating conditions. The analytical developments have been thoroughly verified by numerical simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and by extensive experimental tests.
Aleksandr Viatkin; Riccardo Mandrioli; Manel Hammami; Mattia Ricco; Gabriele Grandi. AC Current Ripple Harmonic Pollution in Three-Phase Four-Leg Active Front-End AC/DC Converter for On-Board EV Chargers. Electronics 2021, 10, 116 .
AMA StyleAleksandr Viatkin, Riccardo Mandrioli, Manel Hammami, Mattia Ricco, Gabriele Grandi. AC Current Ripple Harmonic Pollution in Three-Phase Four-Leg Active Front-End AC/DC Converter for On-Board EV Chargers. Electronics. 2021; 10 (2):116.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandr Viatkin; Riccardo Mandrioli; Manel Hammami; Mattia Ricco; Gabriele Grandi. 2021. "AC Current Ripple Harmonic Pollution in Three-Phase Four-Leg Active Front-End AC/DC Converter for On-Board EV Chargers." Electronics 10, no. 2: 116.
This chapter introduces a ripple correlation control (RCC) algorithm for tracking the maximum power point (MPP) for a flying capacitor three-level three-phase photovoltaic (PV) system. Although RCC maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method has been widely used on single-phase plants, a three-phase implementation based on sinusoidal carrier PWM has not been presented yet. The inherent oscillations of the PV current and voltage are employed as a perturbation for the RCC MPPT system. The proposed algorithm adopts the PV current and voltage 3rd harmonic component for estimating the power (or current) derivative, dPpv/dVpv (or dIpv/dVpv). Firstly, referring to the carrier-based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), the flying capacitor inverter modulation scheme is presented. Secondly, the proposed RCC MPPT method is introduced. Finally, multiple MATLAB-/Simulink-based simulations of the RCC MPPT algorithm acting on a grid-connected PV system are provided. Both steady-state and dynamic (irradiance increase and decrease) conditions present good performances.
Mattia Ricco; Manel Hammami; Riccardo Mandrioli; Gabriele Grandi. Ripple Correlation Control MPPT Scheme Applied to a Three-Phase Flying Capacitor PV System. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 2020, 13 -24.
AMA StyleMattia Ricco, Manel Hammami, Riccardo Mandrioli, Gabriele Grandi. Ripple Correlation Control MPPT Scheme Applied to a Three-Phase Flying Capacitor PV System. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. 2020; ():13-24.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMattia Ricco; Manel Hammami; Riccardo Mandrioli; Gabriele Grandi. 2020. "Ripple Correlation Control MPPT Scheme Applied to a Three-Phase Flying Capacitor PV System." Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering , no. : 13-24.
Three-phase, four-wire split capacitor inverters are currently employed in many applications, such as photovoltaic systems, battery chargers for electric vehicles, active power filters, and, in general, in all grid-tied applications that deal with possible grid voltage and/or current unbalances. This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation of the capacitor-switching voltage ripple and dc-link switching voltage ripple for the three-phase, four-wire, split capacitor inverters. Specifically, analytical formulations of the peak-to-peak and rms values of the voltage ripples are originally pointed out in this paper and determined in the case of balanced three-phase and unbalanced (two-phase and single-phase) output (ac) currents. The obtained results can help in designing the considered inverter and sizing of the dc-link capacitors. Reference is made to the sinusoidal PWM modulation and sinusoidal three-phase output currents with an almost unity power factor, representing a grid-connected application. Extensive numerical simulations have been carried out to thoroughly verify all the analytical developments presented in this paper. Furthermore, some experimental tests, having balanced output currents on the ac side, have been accomplished, validating numerical simulations and analytical developments.
Manel Hammami; Riccardo Mandrioli; Aleksandr Viatkin; Mattia Ricco; Gabriele Grandi. Analysis of Input Voltage Switching Ripple in Three-Phase Four-Wire Split Capacitor PWM Inverters. Energies 2020, 13, 5076 .
AMA StyleManel Hammami, Riccardo Mandrioli, Aleksandr Viatkin, Mattia Ricco, Gabriele Grandi. Analysis of Input Voltage Switching Ripple in Three-Phase Four-Wire Split Capacitor PWM Inverters. Energies. 2020; 13 (19):5076.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManel Hammami; Riccardo Mandrioli; Aleksandr Viatkin; Mattia Ricco; Gabriele Grandi. 2020. "Analysis of Input Voltage Switching Ripple in Three-Phase Four-Wire Split Capacitor PWM Inverters." Energies 13, no. 19: 5076.
In the context of electric vehicle (EV) development and positive energy districts with the growing penetration of non-programmable sources, this paper provides a method to predict and manage the aggregate power flows of charging stations to optimize the self-consumption and load profiles. The prediction method analyzes each charging event belonging to the EV population, and it considers the main factors that influence a charging process, namely the EV’s characteristics, charging ratings, and driver behavior. EV’s characteristics and charging ratings are obtained from the EV model’s and charging stations’ specifications, respectively. The statistical analysis of driver behavior is performed to calculate the daily consumptions and the charging energy request. Then, a model to estimate the parking time of each vehicle is extrapolated from the real collected data of the arrival and departure times in parking lots. A case study was carried out to evaluate the proposed method. This consisted of an industrial area with renewable sources and electrical loads. The obtained results show how EV charging can negatively impact system power flows, causing load peaks and high energy demand. Therefore, a charging management system (CMS) able to operate in the smart charging mode was introduced. Finally, it was demonstrated that the proposed method provides better EV integration and improved performance.
Francesco Lo Franco; Mattia Ricco; Riccardo Mandrioli; Gabriele Grandi. Electric Vehicle Aggregate Power Flow Prediction and Smart Charging System for Distributed Renewable Energy Self-Consumption Optimization. Energies 2020, 13, 5003 .
AMA StyleFrancesco Lo Franco, Mattia Ricco, Riccardo Mandrioli, Gabriele Grandi. Electric Vehicle Aggregate Power Flow Prediction and Smart Charging System for Distributed Renewable Energy Self-Consumption Optimization. Energies. 2020; 13 (19):5003.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Lo Franco; Mattia Ricco; Riccardo Mandrioli; Gabriele Grandi. 2020. "Electric Vehicle Aggregate Power Flow Prediction and Smart Charging System for Distributed Renewable Energy Self-Consumption Optimization." Energies 13, no. 19: 5003.
A complete analysis of the ac output current ripple in four-leg voltage source inverters considering multiple modulation schemes is provided. In detail, current ripple envelopes and peak-to-peak profiles have been determined in the whole fundamental period and a comprehensive method providing the current ripple rms has been achieved, all of them as a function of the modulation index. These characteristics have been determined for both phase and neutral currents, considering the most popular common-mode injection schemes. Particular attention has been paid to the performance of discontinuous pulse width modulation (DPWM) methods, including DPWMMAX and DPWMMIN, and their four most popular combinations DPWM0, DPWM1, DPWM2, and DPWM3. Furthermore, a comparison with a few continuous techniques (sinusoidal, centered pulse width modulations, and third harmonic injection) has been provided as well. Moreover, the average switching frequency and switching losses are analyzed, determining which PWM technique ensures minimum output current ripple within the linear modulation range at different assumptions. Numerical simulations and laboratory tests have been conducted to extensively verify all the analytical claims for all the considered PWM injections.
Riccardo Mandrioli; Aleksandr Viatkin; Manel Hammami; Mattia Ricco; Gabriele Grandi. A Comprehensive AC Current Ripple Analysis and Performance Enhancement via Discontinuous PWM in Three-Phase Four-Leg Grid-Connected Inverters. Energies 2020, 13, 4352 .
AMA StyleRiccardo Mandrioli, Aleksandr Viatkin, Manel Hammami, Mattia Ricco, Gabriele Grandi. A Comprehensive AC Current Ripple Analysis and Performance Enhancement via Discontinuous PWM in Three-Phase Four-Leg Grid-Connected Inverters. Energies. 2020; 13 (17):4352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiccardo Mandrioli; Aleksandr Viatkin; Manel Hammami; Mattia Ricco; Gabriele Grandi. 2020. "A Comprehensive AC Current Ripple Analysis and Performance Enhancement via Discontinuous PWM in Three-Phase Four-Leg Grid-Connected Inverters." Energies 13, no. 17: 4352.
In this paper, the concept of smart battery pack is introduced. The smart battery pack is based on wireless feedback from individual battery cells and is capable to be applied to electric vehicle applications. The proposed solution increases the usable capacity and prolongs the life cycle of the batteries by directly integrating the battery management system in the battery pack. The battery cells are connected through half-bridge chopper circuits, which allow either the insertion or the bypass of a single cell depending on the current states of charge. This consequently leads to the balancing of the whole pack during both the typical charging and discharging time of an electric vehicle and enables the fault-tolerant operation of the pack. A wireless feedback for implementing the balancing method is proposed. This solution reduces the need for cabling and simplifies the assembling of the battery pack, making also possible a direct off-board diagnosis. The paper validates the proposed smart battery pack and the wireless feedback through simulations and experimental results by adopting a battery cell emulator.
Mattia Ricco; Jinhao Meng; Tudor Gherman; Gabriele Grandi; Remus Teodorescu. Smart Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles Based on Active Balancing with Wireless Communication Feedback. Energies 2019, 12, 3862 .
AMA StyleMattia Ricco, Jinhao Meng, Tudor Gherman, Gabriele Grandi, Remus Teodorescu. Smart Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles Based on Active Balancing with Wireless Communication Feedback. Energies. 2019; 12 (20):3862.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMattia Ricco; Jinhao Meng; Tudor Gherman; Gabriele Grandi; Remus Teodorescu. 2019. "Smart Battery Pack for Electric Vehicles Based on Active Balancing with Wireless Communication Feedback." Energies 12, no. 20: 3862.
In this paper a high-voltage sinusoidal power supply controlled by Arduino DUE micro-controller is described. This generator can feed a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) load with sinusoidal voltages up to 20 kV peak and frequencies in the range 10–60 kHz, with a maximum output power of 200 W. Output voltage can be produced either in a continuous mode, or with on/off modulation cycles, according to treatment/application requirements. This power source is equipped with on-board diagnostics used to measure the output voltage and the charge delivered to the load. With a sample frequency of 500 kHz, Arduino DUE allows to evaluate both the high voltage and the average power feeding the discharge without the use of an expensive external measurement setup. Lissajous techniques are utilized to calculate discharge average power in a quasi-real-time manner. When a load is connected to high-voltage terminals, a self-tuning procedure is carried out to obtain the best working frequency. This parameter allows to minimize power-electronic component stress and to maximize generator efficiency.
Gabriele Neretti; Mattia Ricco. Self-Tuning High-Voltage and High-Frequency Sinusoidal Power Supply for Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Generation. Electronics 2019, 8, 1137 .
AMA StyleGabriele Neretti, Mattia Ricco. Self-Tuning High-Voltage and High-Frequency Sinusoidal Power Supply for Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Generation. Electronics. 2019; 8 (10):1137.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGabriele Neretti; Mattia Ricco. 2019. "Self-Tuning High-Voltage and High-Frequency Sinusoidal Power Supply for Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Generation." Electronics 8, no. 10: 1137.
An off-board dc fast battery charger for electric vehicles (EVs) with an original control strategy aimed to provide ripple-free output current in the typical EV batteries voltage range is presented in this paper. The proposed configuration is based on modular three-phase interleaved converters and supplied by the low-voltage ac grid. The ac/dc interleaved three-phase active rectifier is composed of three standard two-level three-phase converter modules with a possibility to slightly adjust the dc-link voltage level in order to null the output current ripple. A modular interleaved dc/dc converter, formed by the same three-phase converter modules connected in parallel, is used as an interface between the dc-link and the battery. The use of low-cost, standard and industry-recognized three-phase power modules for high-power fast EV charging stations enables the reduction of capital and maintenance costs of the charging facilities. The effect of coupling on the individual input/output inductors and total input/output current ripples has been investigated as well, considering both possible coupling implementations, i.e. inverse and direct coupling. Numerical simulations are reported to confirm the feasibility and the effectiveness of the whole EV fast charging configuration, including the proposed control strategy aimed to null the ripple of the output current. Experimental results are provided by a reduced scale prototype of the output stage to verify the ripple-free output current operation capability.
Klemen Drobnic; Gabriele Grandi; Manel Hammami; Riccardo Mandrioli; Mattia Ricco; Aleksandr Viatkin; Marija Vujacic. An Output Ripple-Free Fast Charger for Electric Vehicles Based on Grid-Tied Modular Three-Phase Interleaved Converters. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 2019, 55, 6102 -6114.
AMA StyleKlemen Drobnic, Gabriele Grandi, Manel Hammami, Riccardo Mandrioli, Mattia Ricco, Aleksandr Viatkin, Marija Vujacic. An Output Ripple-Free Fast Charger for Electric Vehicles Based on Grid-Tied Modular Three-Phase Interleaved Converters. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2019; 55 (6):6102-6114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlemen Drobnic; Gabriele Grandi; Manel Hammami; Riccardo Mandrioli; Mattia Ricco; Aleksandr Viatkin; Marija Vujacic. 2019. "An Output Ripple-Free Fast Charger for Electric Vehicles Based on Grid-Tied Modular Three-Phase Interleaved Converters." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 55, no. 6: 6102-6114.
Anirudh Budnar Acharya; Mattia Ricco; Dezso Sera; Remus Teoderscu; Lars E. Norum. Performance Analysis of Medium-Voltage Grid Integration of PV Plant Using Modular Multilevel Converter. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2019, 34, 1731 -1740.
AMA StyleAnirudh Budnar Acharya, Mattia Ricco, Dezso Sera, Remus Teoderscu, Lars E. Norum. Performance Analysis of Medium-Voltage Grid Integration of PV Plant Using Modular Multilevel Converter. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2019; 34 (4):1731-1740.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnirudh Budnar Acharya; Mattia Ricco; Dezso Sera; Remus Teoderscu; Lars E. Norum. 2019. "Performance Analysis of Medium-Voltage Grid Integration of PV Plant Using Modular Multilevel Converter." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 34, no. 4: 1731-1740.
In this paper, a control method is proposed that allows the extraction of maximum power from each individual photovoltaic string connected to the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) and inject balanced power to the AC grid. The MMC solution used does not need additional DC–DC converters for the maximum power point tracking. In the MMC, the photovoltaic strings are connected directly to the sub-modules. It is shown that the proposed inverter solution can provide balanced three-phase output power despite an unbalanced power generation. The maximum power of the photovoltaic string is effectively harnessed due to the increased granularity of the maximum power point tracking. An algorithm that tracks the sub-module capacitor voltages to their respective voltage references is proposed. A detailed modeling and control method for balanced operation of the proposed topology is discussed. The operation of the MMC under unbalanced power generation is discussed. Simulation results are provided that show the effectiveness of the proposed control under unequal irradiance.
Anirudh Budnar Acharya; Mattia Ricco; Dezso Sera; Remus Teodorescu; Lars Einar Norum. Arm Power Control of the Modular Multilevel Converter in Photovoltaic Applications. Energies 2019, 12, 1620 .
AMA StyleAnirudh Budnar Acharya, Mattia Ricco, Dezso Sera, Remus Teodorescu, Lars Einar Norum. Arm Power Control of the Modular Multilevel Converter in Photovoltaic Applications. Energies. 2019; 12 (9):1620.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnirudh Budnar Acharya; Mattia Ricco; Dezso Sera; Remus Teodorescu; Lars Einar Norum. 2019. "Arm Power Control of the Modular Multilevel Converter in Photovoltaic Applications." Energies 12, no. 9: 1620.
This paper proposes a new strategy to achieve balanced capacitor voltages in modular multilevel converters. Among the possible solutions, centralized arm control approaches are often adopted. These methods require a balancing technique based on a sorted list of the sub-modules according to their capacitor voltages. In order to achieve the aforementioned sorted list, different algorithms have been proposed in literature, such as: Sorting algorithms, max/min approaches, etc. However, the sorting algorithms require a long execution time, while the max/min approaches affect the converter dynamic response during faults. To overcome these issues, a new mapping strategy providing a quasi-sorted list is proposed in this paper. The suggested method is compared in simulation with both the classical bubble sorting algorithm, and the max/min method during both normal and faulty conditions. Moreover, the three methods have been implemented in a Xilinx Zynq-7000 System-on-Chip (SoC) device, in order to analyze the corresponding execution time and the required computational effort. Hardware-in-the-loop results are presented for demonstrating the superior performance of the proposed balancing strategy.
Mattia Ricco; Laszlo Mathe; Manel Hammami; Francesco Lo Franco; Claudio Rossi; Remus Teodorescu. A Capacitor Voltage Balancing Approach Based on Mapping Strategy for MMC Applications. Electronics 2019, 8, 449 .
AMA StyleMattia Ricco, Laszlo Mathe, Manel Hammami, Francesco Lo Franco, Claudio Rossi, Remus Teodorescu. A Capacitor Voltage Balancing Approach Based on Mapping Strategy for MMC Applications. Electronics. 2019; 8 (4):449.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMattia Ricco; Laszlo Mathe; Manel Hammami; Francesco Lo Franco; Claudio Rossi; Remus Teodorescu. 2019. "A Capacitor Voltage Balancing Approach Based on Mapping Strategy for MMC Applications." Electronics 8, no. 4: 449.
This paper presents the implementation of a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm in a multilevel three-phase photovoltaic (PV) system using the ripple correlation control (RCC) method. Basically, RCC adopts the inherent oscillations of PV current and voltage as perturbation, and it has been predominantly used for single-phase configurations, where the oscillations correspond to the 2nd order harmonics. The implementation of an RCC-MPPT algorithm in a three-phase system has not been presented yet in the literature. In this paper, the considered three-phase three-level converter is a three-level flying capacitor (FC) inverter. The proffered RCC method uses the 3rd harmonic components of PV current and voltage for the estimation of the voltage derivative of the power dPpv/dVpv (or current, dIpv/dVpv), compelling the PV array to operate at or very close to the maximum power point. The analysis and calculation of the low-frequency PV current and voltage ripple harmonic components in the three-phase flying capacitor inverter is presented first, with reference to centered carrier-based three-level PWM. The whole grid-connected PV generation scheme has been implemented by MATLAB/Simulink, and detailed numerical simulations verified the effectiveness of the control method in both steady-state and dynamic conditions, emulating different sun irradiance transients.
Manel Hammami; Mattia Ricco; Alex Ruderman; Gabriele Grandi. Three-Phase Three-Level Flying Capacitor PV Generation System with an Embedded Ripple Correlation Control MPPT Algorithm. Electronics 2019, 8, 118 .
AMA StyleManel Hammami, Mattia Ricco, Alex Ruderman, Gabriele Grandi. Three-Phase Three-Level Flying Capacitor PV Generation System with an Embedded Ripple Correlation Control MPPT Algorithm. Electronics. 2019; 8 (2):118.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManel Hammami; Mattia Ricco; Alex Ruderman; Gabriele Grandi. 2019. "Three-Phase Three-Level Flying Capacitor PV Generation System with an Embedded Ripple Correlation Control MPPT Algorithm." Electronics 8, no. 2: 118.
The performance of model based State-of-Charge (SOC) estimation method relies on an accurate battery model. Nonlinear models are thus proposed to accurately describe the external characteristics of the Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery. The nonlinear estimation algorithms and online parameter identification methods are needed to guarantee the accuracy of the model based SOC estimation with nonlinear battery models. A new approach forming a dynamic linear battery model is proposed in this paper, which enables the application of the linear Kalman filter for SOC estimation and also avoids the usage of online parameter identification methods. With a moving window technology, Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression is able to establish a series of piecewise linear battery models automatically. One element state space equation is then obtained to estimate the SOC from the linear Kalman filter. The experiments on a LiFePO4 battery prove the effectiveness of the proposed method compared with the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) with two Resistance and Capacitance (RC) Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) and the Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter (AUKF) with Least Squares Support Vector Machines (LSSVM).
Jinhao Meng; Daniel-Ioan Stroe; Mattia Ricco; Guangzhao Luo; Remus Teodorescu. A Simplified Model-Based State-of-Charge Estimation Approach for Lithium-Ion Battery With Dynamic Linear Model. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 2018, 66, 7717 -7727.
AMA StyleJinhao Meng, Daniel-Ioan Stroe, Mattia Ricco, Guangzhao Luo, Remus Teodorescu. A Simplified Model-Based State-of-Charge Estimation Approach for Lithium-Ion Battery With Dynamic Linear Model. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2018; 66 (10):7717-7727.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJinhao Meng; Daniel-Ioan Stroe; Mattia Ricco; Guangzhao Luo; Remus Teodorescu. 2018. "A Simplified Model-Based State-of-Charge Estimation Approach for Lithium-Ion Battery With Dynamic Linear Model." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 66, no. 10: 7717-7727.
This paper proposes a novel fast open circuit voltage prediction approach for Lithium-ion battery, which is potential to facilitate a convenient battery modeling and states estimation in the energy storage system. Open circuit voltage measurement suffers from a long relaxation time (several hours, even days) to reach the thermodynamic equilibrium of the battery. On the basis of the feedback control theory, the proposed multiple correction approach utilizes the constrained nonlinear optimization of the power function in each curve fitting step. The voltage measurement in a short period is divided into several segments to correct the voltage prediction multiple times with the feedback errors after each curve fitting. The similarity between the shape of the power function and the variation of the terminal voltage during the relaxation time is utilized. The proposed method can speed up the time-consuming open circuit voltage measurement and predict the open circuit voltage with high accuracy. Experimental tests on a LiFePO4 battery prove the validation and effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately predicting the open circuit voltage within a very short relaxation time (less than 15 min).
Jinhao Meng; Daniel-Ioan Stroe; Mattia Ricco; Guangzhao Luo; Maciej Swierczynski; Remus Teodorescu. A Novel Multiple Correction Approach for Fast Open Circuit Voltage Prediction of Lithium-Ion Battery. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 2018, 34, 1115 -1123.
AMA StyleJinhao Meng, Daniel-Ioan Stroe, Mattia Ricco, Guangzhao Luo, Maciej Swierczynski, Remus Teodorescu. A Novel Multiple Correction Approach for Fast Open Circuit Voltage Prediction of Lithium-Ion Battery. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2018; 34 (2):1115-1123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJinhao Meng; Daniel-Ioan Stroe; Mattia Ricco; Guangzhao Luo; Maciej Swierczynski; Remus Teodorescu. 2018. "A Novel Multiple Correction Approach for Fast Open Circuit Voltage Prediction of Lithium-Ion Battery." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 34, no. 2: 1115-1123.
In Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) applications, the balancing of the capacitor voltages is one of the most important issues for achieving the proper behavior of the MMC. The Capacitor Voltage Balancing (CVB) control is usually based on classical sorting algorithms which consist of repetitive/recursive loops. This leads to an increase of the execution time when many Sub-Modules (SMs) are employed. When the execution time of the balancing is longer than the sampling period, the proper operation of the MMC cannot be ensured. Moreover, due to their inherent sequential operation, sorting algorithms are suitable for software implementation (microcontrollers or DSPs), but they are not appropriate for a hardware implementation. Instead, in this paper, Sorting Networks (SNs) are proposed due to their convenience for implementation in FPGA devices. The advantages and the main challenges of the Bitonic SN in MMC applications are discussed and different FPGA implementations are presented. Simulation results are provided in normal and faulty conditions. Moreover, a comparison with the widely used bubble sorting algorithm and max/min approach is made in terms of execution time and performance. Finally, hardware-in-the-loop results are shown to prove the effectiveness of the implemented SN.
Mattia Ricco; Laszlo Mathe; Eric Monmasson; Remus Teodorescu. FPGA-Based Implementation of MMC Control Based on Sorting Networks. Energies 2018, 11, 2394 .
AMA StyleMattia Ricco, Laszlo Mathe, Eric Monmasson, Remus Teodorescu. FPGA-Based Implementation of MMC Control Based on Sorting Networks. Energies. 2018; 11 (9):2394.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMattia Ricco; Laszlo Mathe; Eric Monmasson; Remus Teodorescu. 2018. "FPGA-Based Implementation of MMC Control Based on Sorting Networks." Energies 11, no. 9: 2394.