Homocysteine (Hcy) is becoming a well-established risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), mainly involving endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis. Endothelial dysfunction is reflected primarily in the complex regulation of the main physiological and pathophysiological processes. There is increasing evidence regarding abnormally high concentrations of plasma total homocysteine, or plasma hyperhomocysteinemia, contributing to endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and CVD. This clinical and experimental study examined the connection between Hcy and cardiovascular disease risk. Homocysteine is a marker of total vascular damage that must be monitored and controlled as early as possible. Dietary and lifestyle changes are recommended for most patients with hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy). The purpose of this paper is to review the data from the specialized literature that demonstrate that there is a direct link between endothelial injury and increased homocysteine levels, identifying existing evidence, describing new mechanisms, and exploring potential new therapeutic options. These aspects continue to be debated, and additional efforts are required to refine therapeutic strategies and to investigate the potential implications of Hcy in health and disease.

Dermal fibroblasts, the primary stromal cells of the dermis, exhibit remarkable plasticity in response to various stimuli, playing crucial roles in tissue homeostasis, wound healing, and ECM production. This study examines the molecular mechanisms underlying fibroblast plasticity, including key signaling pathways, epigenetic regulation, and microRNA-mediated control. The impact of aging on ECM synthesis and remodeling is discussed, and the diminished production of vital components such as collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans are highlighted, alongside enhanced ECM degradation through upregulated matrix metalloproteinase activity and accumulation of advanced glycation end products. The process of cellular senescence in dermal fibroblasts is explored, with its role in skin aging and its effects on tissue homeostasis and repair capacity being highlighted. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) is examined for its contribution to chronic inflammation and ECM disruption. This review also presents therapeutic perspectives, focusing on senolytics and geroprotectors as promising strategies to combat the negative effects of fibroblast senescence. Current challenges in translating preclinical findings to human therapies are addressed, along with future directions for research in this field. This comprehensive review explores the complex interplay between dermal fibroblast plasticity, cellular senescence, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in the context of skin aging. In conclusion, understanding the complex interplay between dermal fibroblast plasticity, cellular senescence, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling is essential for developing effective anti-aging interventions, which highlights the need for further research into senolytic and geroprotective therapies to enhance skin health and longevity. This approach has shown promising results in preclinical studies, demonstrating improved skin elasticity and reduced signs of aging.

Resolvins are specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) derived from omega-3 fatty acids that play a critical role in resolving inflammation and restoring tissues to a state of health after an immune response. Their role in chronic inflammatory conditions highlights their importance in maintaining a balance between an effective immune response and the resolution of inflammation to prevent tissue damage. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth, leading to gum damage and bone loss. Chronic inflammation in periodontal disease can exacerbate systemic inflammation and influence other conditions, such as diabetes. There is a bidirectional relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease, as both are characterized by chronic inflammation and exacerbate systemic and oral health complications. This narrative review aims to synthesize the current knowledge on how resolvins influence inflammatory pathways and the tissue repair mechanism in periodontal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, this review serves as a foundation for developing targeted therapeutic strategies, addressing the pressing need for effective treatments that consider both systemic and oral health outcomes.

Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neuro-developmental disorder that is linked to attention, hyperactivity, and impulse control. There is emerging evidence that markers like Vitamin D, Chromogranin A (CgA), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and cortisol can be used to explain its biological mechanisms. Objective: To quantify serum levels of Vitamin D, CgA, TNF-α, and cortisol in ADHD patients and control subjects, and establish their diagnostic value. Methods: According to PRISMA guidelines, we searched Google Scholar and PubMed systematically for observational studies that assess the serum levels of the selected biomarkers in ADHD and control groups. The studies that passed the inclusion criteria were screened, extracted, and analyzed using a random-effects model. The effect sizes were presented as Hedges' g. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics, and potential publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's test. Meta-regression was conducted to explore moderators like age, gender, and comorbidities. Results: 28 studies were included. Vitamin D was significantly lower in ADHD patients compared to controls (SMD = -1.19, 95% CI: -2.04 to -0.33, p = 0.0068), but heterogeneity was high (I² = 96.5%). TNF-α was significantly lower (SMD = -0.39, 95% CI: -0.65 to -0.13, p = 0.0033) with low heterogeneity (I² = 22.0%). Cortisol was significantly lower (SMD = -0.78, 95% CI: -1.48 to -0.08, p = 0.0280), with high heterogeneity (I² = 94.3%). Chromogranin A results were inconclusive due to limited data. Meta-regression revealed that age, male sex, and comorbidities significantly moderated Vitamin D effect sizes, but other predictors were not significant. Conclusion: Vitamin D, TNF-α, and cortisol are all greatly diminished in ADHD and are potential addition-al diagnostic markers. CgA is worthy of further study.

Light-assisted in-office whitening procedures are widely used in clinical practice; however, comparative clinical data remain limited, particularly when ev

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder, and increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory and oxidative processes may contribute to its biological complexity. Despite these observations, no molecular biomarker has yet been established for clinical diagnosis. In this narrative review, we examine interleukin-18 (IL-18) and the NFE2L2/NRF2 antioxidant pathway as two potentially complementary components of the inflammation–redox landscape in adult ADHD, with particular attention to their possible assessment in saliva. For this purpose, we conducted a focused search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science, bringing together evidence from human ADHD studies, mechanistic and experimental research, and studies investigating the feasibility of salivary biomarkers. IL-18 is closely associated with inflammasome-mediated inflammatory signaling, whereas NFE2L2 encodes NRF2, a major regulator of antioxidant and cytoprotective responses. The evidence for these two targets in adult ADHD is not equally developed. Direct human data on IL-18 remain limited, while more recent studies have identified alterations in NRF2-related antioxidant defenses in adults with ADHD. Both IL-18 and NRF2 can be measured in human saliva, although the available evidence comes from clinical populations other than ADHD. Their detection in saliva therefore demonstrates analytical feasibility but does not establish their validity as ADHD biomarkers. At present, neither marker has been validated in the saliva of adults with ADHD. Studying them together may nevertheless provide a useful way to explore the relationship between inflammatory activity and antioxidant regulation. Future studies will require standardized saliva collection, careful assessment of oral health, and characterization of systemic inflammatory and metabolic conditions, medication use, and smoking. Initial studies should also include paired saliva and blood samples to determine how salivary measurements relate to circulating levels and whether they capture biologically meaningful variation in adult ADHD.