This study examined the sustainability of global table grape exports from 2020 to 2024, focusing on two key dimensions: market diversification and international competitiveness. Using data from Trade Map and applying the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) and the Revealed Comparative Advantage Normalized Index (RCAN), the research analyzed the export performance of major grape-exporting countries, including Peru, Chile, the Netherlands, Italy, the United States, South Africa, and China. The results showed significant differences in both market structure and competitive positioning. Countries like Peru and South Africa demonstrated rapid export growth and high competitiveness in certain markets, but faced elevated levels of market concentration, exposing them to external shocks. In contrast, Italy and the Netherlands maintained more diversified portfolios but showed modest competitiveness. The study concluded that no country achieved an ideal balance between diversification and competitiveness. As a result, it is recommended that governments pursue integrated trade strategies that promote geographic expansion alongside measures to enhance export competitiveness. Investments in logistics, quality certifications, and market intelligence are essential to reduce vulnerability and ensure long-term export sustainability.

El objetivo general de la investigación fue analizar la cultura organizacional y modelo de gestión empresarial. La investigación se desarrolló desde el paradigma positivista y desde la perspectiva cuantitativa, mediante la búsqueda, recolección y análisis crítico documental, referencial bibliográfico, desde un diseño bibliográfico de tipo documental. Se recurrió además a los métodos analítico–sintético e inductivo-deductivo. Se consideró como población de estudio a los colaboradores de cuatro MYPES metalmecánicas de Trujillo, que cuentan con un total de 92 trabajadores, a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario. Se concluye lo siguiente: es fundamental que las MYPES metalmecánicas de Trujillo reconozcan la importancia de desarrollar una cultura organizacional fuerte y alineada con sus objetivos empresariales. Esto no solo podría mejorar su rendimiento, sino también fomentar un ambiente de trabajo más colaborativo y motivador, lo que a su vez contribuiría a su sostenibilidad y éxito a largo plazo.

This study examines the long-run relationship between the external terms of trade (TOTs) and real GDP of the services sector in a small open economy, focusing on the Peruvian economy. Although the services sector concentrates the largest share of employment and urban income, its exposure to persistent external price cycles remains relatively understudied in sector-specific empirical research. Building on the notion that TOTs operate as an external anchor shaping macroeconomic conditions beyond export activities, this paper evaluates whether sustained external shocks are structurally linked to services-sector performance. The analysis employs a Johansen cointegration framework and a bivariate Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) using quarterly data for the period 1996–2024. This approach allows for distinguishing long-run equilibrium relationships from short-run adjustments without imposing strong causal assumptions. The results indicate the presence of a stable long-run relationship between the TOTs and services-sector GDP, with adjustment dynamics consistent with a gradual absorption of external shocks. From a sustainability perspective, the findings suggest that the expansion of the services sector is not independent from external trade conditions, highlighting the relevance of structural resilience under recurrent international price volatility. This study contributes to the literature by providing sector-level empirical evidence for a resource-dependent economy and offers a replicable analytical framework for examining structural sustainability in other small open economies with similar productive characteristics.

This study investigates whether external terms of trade (TOT) and mining-sector GDP in Peru share a stable long-run relationship. Although mining has played a central role in the country’s growth trajectory, its performance remains highly exposed to international price cycles, raising questions about its structural sustainability under persistent external shocks. Using quarterly data for 2001–2024, the analysis applies Johansen cointegration techniques and estimates a bivariate Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to evaluate long-run co-movement and short-run adjustment dynamics. The results identify a single cointegrating relationship in which mining GDP acts as the primary adjustment variable, gradually correcting deviations from long-run equilibrium, while short-run TOT shocks do not exert direct contemporaneous effects on mining growth. The estimated speed of adjustment is low, suggesting a prolonged convergence process consistent with the capital-intensive and rigid structure of the mining sector. Robustness exercises—including estimation with heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent (HAC) standard errors and an extended specification incorporating gross fixed capital formation—confirm the stability of the long-run relationship. These findings indicate that the structural sustainability of mining output depends on the interaction between external price dynamics and the sector’s capacity to adjust to persistent international shocks. The study concludes that, in the Peruvian case, structural sustainability in the mining sector is not determined solely by global price trends, but is also conditioned by domestic productive and institutional factors that govern the speed of adjustment in the presence of sustained external volatility.

This study aimed to jointly characterize destination diversification and revealed competitiveness in the international shrimp and prawn trade of Ecuador, India, Vietnam, and Indonesia during 2020–2024. A quantitative, descriptive–comparative approach was applied using annual free-on-board values at the exporter–destination level obtained from Trade Map (International Trade Centre). Destination diversification was proxied by the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index, while market-level competitiveness was measured through the Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage index. Results show that Ecuador expanded exports while maintaining persistently high destination concentration. India exhibited broad revealed comparative advantage across multiple markets, yet remained highly concentrated, with episodes of deconcentration that were not sustained. Vietnam recorded relative stagnation, moderate concentration, and heterogeneous competitiveness across destinations. Indonesia experienced contraction with extremely high concentration, characterized by a pronounced advantage in the United States alongside disadvantages in alternative markets. Overall, a positive NRCA did not necessarily coincide with a low HHI, and configurations in which revealed advantage is concentrated in a small set of anchor markets are associated with higher exposure and may entail more limited reorientation options under shocks.

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