Objective: The objective of this study was to clarify the connection between BTX-A injections and local changes in skin temperature and to assess the correlation between post-BTX-A injection facial vascular hyperthermia and subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SAT) in the frontal area using thermography. Methods: The study involved 30 patients (mean age 42 ± 0.5 years; 18 women, 12 men). Facial skin temperature was measured via thermography (Thermo GEAR G30) before, immediately after, and 20 min after subcutaneous injection of BTX-A with hemagglutinin complex, gelatin (6 mg), and maltose monohydrate (12 mg). SAT development was graded by combined visual-palpation assessment. Statistical analysis included Student’s t-test and the Mann–Whitney U-test. Results: Biphasic thermal response: immediately post-injection: Significant decrease in min (−1.1 °C) and mean (−0.3 °C) facial temperatures (p < 0.05); 20 min post-injection: pronounced increase in mean (+1.5 °C), max (+1.3 °C), and min (+1.6 °C) temperatures (p < 0.001), attributed to BTX-A-induced vasodilation and local inflammation. Subjects with pronounced SAT exhibited significantly higher baseline temperatures (Me = 33.1 °C vs. 29.8 °C; p < 0.001) and more intense hyperthermic responses (+1.6 °C mean increase vs. +1.1 °C in low-SAT group; p < 0.001). Pronounced SAT was predominantly female (10/15; p < 0.05) and linked to higher BMI (33.3% overweight vs. 0% in low-SAT; *p = 0.036*). Conclusions: SAT thickness is a key determinant of post-BTX-A vascular hyperthermia, with pronounced SAT predicting stronger reactions. Practical Recommendation: Targeted local hypothermia (+4 °C to +8 °C for 5–7 min post-injection, adjustable by SAT thickness) mitigates hyperemia, edema, hematoma risk, and potential toxin diffusion, especially in high-SAT individuals.

Aim: compare the indicators of body component composition obtained using «smart scales» with the values calculated using standard formulas based on anthropometry data. Materials and methods: 60 people (37 girls, 23 boys) were examined. The data obtained on measurements of skin fold thickness, girths and diameters, as well as information on body composition obtained using two «smart scale» models, were tabulated and further processed. Results: when measuring body composition using two «smart scales» models and anthropometric formulas, male participants showed statistically significant differences in muscle mass (formulas — 46.67 % ± 1.06 %, OCOC — 38.80 % ± 1.46 %, PICOOC — 40.13 % ± 1.6 %; p <0.01), bone mass (formulas — 12.3 % ± 0.4 %, OKOK — 4.3 % ± 0.1 %, PICOOC — 4.37 % ± 0.13 %; p < 0.01), fat mass (formulas — 12.47 % ± 0.68 %, OKOK — 25.41 % ± 1.76 %, PICOOC — 23.17 % ± 1.74 %; p < 0.01) and the rate of basic metabolism (formulas — 1948.7 ± 48.5 kcal, OCOC — 1675.5 ± 50.8 kcal, PICOOC — 1718.2 ± 47.6 kcal; p < 0.01). There were also found significant differences in muscle mass (formulas — 50.36 % ± 0.66 %, OKOK — 39.51 % ± 1.17 %, PICOOC — 39.86 % ± 1.38 %; p < 0.01), bone mass (formulas — 9.4 % ± 0.18 %, OKOK — 5.11 % ± 0.07 %, PICOOC — 4.72 ± 0.07 %; p < 0.01) and fat mass (formulas — 15.86 ± 0.51 %, OCOC — 24.99 ± 0.99 %, PICOOC — 23.16 ± 0.89 %; p < 0.01) in women, however no statistically significant differences in the rate of basic metabolism were found ( p > 0.05). There are also discrepancies in the bone mass indices of women obtained from different weight models (OCOC — 5.11 % ± 0.07 %, PICOOC — 4.72 ± 0.07 %; p < 0.05). Conclusion: the discrepancies obtained indicate the need for further research to determine the accuracy of the methods used. Despite the availability of «smart scales» and anthropometric formulas for determining the component composition of a body, it is worthwhile combining several methods for determining the component composition of a body in order to eliminate a systematic error.

The subarachnoid lymphatic-like membrane (SLYM), identified through neuroimaging and molecular biology, is an extremely thin fourth subarachnoid meningeal layer that envelops blood vessels within the subarachnoid space. It performs critical functions including immune cell regulation, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow modulation, brain protection, and lubrication. All components of the central nervous system (CNS) drainage system – interstitial fluid, perivascular spaces, CSF, meningeal lymphatic vessels, and cervical lymph nodes – operate in close coordination, providing not only waste and toxin removal from the brain, but also maintaining homeostasis essential for normal neuronal function. SLYM, as part of this complex system, plays a role in transporting and filtering cells and molecules, contributing to the regulation of the CNS immune response. It forms a sheath around the brain through which only very small molecules can pass, thereby separating "clean" CSF from "dirty" CSF.SLYM may be involved in processes associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis, potentially opening new avenues for treatment and understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune responses in the CNS. The revised understanding of the critical role of the meninges in brain function regulation, their interaction with other drainage system components, and the role of SLYM as a new selective barrier involved in compartmentalizing the subarachnoid space offer a new perspective on neurological disorders and create opportunities for regenerative therapies targeting neurodegenerative diseases.

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of skin temperature at the injection points of botulinum toxin type A in the forehead area at different time stages as a marker of the vasomotor response and restoration of microcirculation after aesthetic botulinum therapy. Methods: The prospective study included 126 patients (19–59 years old, mean age 34.4 ± 1.2 years) who underwent injections of botulinum toxin type A at standard points of m. frontalis, m. procerus, and m. corrugator supercilii. Skin temperature was recorded with an infrared thermal imager at nine standardized points (P1–P9) at the following stages: before the procedure (T0), immediately after (T1), after 30 min (T2), after 14 (T14) and 30 (T30) days. The analysis was performed using analysis of variance with repeated measures and post hoc tests (p < 0.05). Results: A typical three-phase pattern of temperature response was revealed: an immediate decrease in temperature at all points immediately after injections (T1, −1.7–4.8% relative to the baseline, p < 0.001), subsequent reactive hyperemia after 30 min (T2, an increase of 2.35–5.8% at points P1, P2, P4–P7) and normalization of indicators by T14–T30. The most pronounced and stable changes were recorded at the interbrow points P7–P9, projecting to m. corrugator supercilii and m. procerus, which reflects their higher functional and vascular activity. Conclusions: Infrared thermography allows for objective recording of the phasic vasomotor response of the skin to injections of botulinum toxin type A, can be used to assess individual vascular response, and may aid in individualized treatment planning for aesthetic botulinum therapy.

Olfactory analyzer receives information about a variety of odorants contained in the surrounding air. Like a number of other neural structures, the olfactory analyzer is capable of undergoing adaptive processes depending on the intensity of sensory stimulation. Numerous experiments on animals demonstrate that the neural structures responsible for olfaction change qualitatively and quantitatively in reduced sensory activation. The objective of this review was to summarize the available literature data on changes in the structure of the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb and anterior olfactory nucleus in a decrease or absence of odorant intake as a result of obstruction of one half of the nasal cavity in animals. During the review, we revealed that such neural structures do undergo changes at several levels: macro- and microscopic, biochemical and molecular genetic. In addition, the changes are not only negative and atrophic but also adaptive. It has been shown that the relevant volume of inhaled air is necessary for adequate maturation, functioning and regeneration of the neural structures of the olfactory analyzer.

Background/Objectives: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become part of standard systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet only a minority of patients achieve durable responses. The immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) is increasingly recognised as a central determinant of this resistance, but existing literature largely treats individual TME components – tumour-associated macrophages, neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, exhausted T cells and others – as independent contributors. This review aimed to synthesise current cellular, molecular and spatial evidence on the HCC TME into a unified, systems-level explanation of ICI resistance. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection, combining terms for HCC, the TME, individual TME cell populations, and methodological/therapeutic aspects, supplemented by a snowballing search of reference lists and a direct search of ClinicalTrials.gov for relevant trials. Results: The review characterises the physiological basis of hepatic immune tolerance and its pathological co-option in HCC, the principal immunosuppressive cell populations and their intercellular network, the contribution of the gut and intratumoural microbiome, and the spatial architecture of the TME, including the invasive tumour margin. Integrating these findings, we propose five interrelated principles of TME-centred ecosystem resistance – immune exclusion, distributed robustness, functional entrapment, multiscale feedback stabilisation, and surface–depth mismatch – that jointly explain why single-checkpoint blockade is frequently insufficient. Conclusions: Overcoming ICI resistance in HCC requires combination strategies that target multiple, interacting nodes of the suppressive TME network rather than the PD-1/PD-L1 axis alone, guided by aetiology-aware, spatially resolved biomarkers.