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Panos Apostolidis
Section of Pavement Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

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Research article
Published: 12 July 2021 in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
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Miscibility, and lack of it, is decisive for durable polymer-modified asphalt binders and reflects the long-term performance of asphalt materials in terms of fatigue and thermal cracking. In this work, the glass transition behavior of epoxy asphalt will be assessed extensively after different oxidative aging time periods using differential scanning calorimetry. The composition dependence of glass transition in epoxy asphalt binders over oxidative aging is evaluated by emphasizing the deviation of glass transition temperature ( Tg) with the change in sign and magnitude. An entropy-based analysis of glass transitions in epoxy asphalt is discussed as well. The blends formulated by epoxy and asphalt binder have shown an increase of the Tg deviation from the ideal mixing rule over oxidative aging. Two different shapes of the composition dependence of the Tg values are observed between the blends with and without fillers but showing both distinct positive deviations from the case of mixing ideal materials. The Tg and heat capacity ( Cp) parameters determined in relation to the epoxy asphalt composition provide insights into the effect of limestone fillers on the oxidation-induced embrittlement of epoxy asphalt materials. The results could help select the epoxy proportion in asphalt to develop super-durable and long-lasting pavement materials.

ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. Composition and Oxidation Dependence of Glass Transition in Epoxy Asphalt. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Xueyan Liu, Sandra Erkens, Tom Scarpas. Composition and Oxidation Dependence of Glass Transition in Epoxy Asphalt. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. 2021. "Composition and Oxidation Dependence of Glass Transition in Epoxy Asphalt." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 03 June 2021 in Materials and Structures
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The RILEM TC 272 PIM (Phase and Interphase behavior of innovative bituminous Materials)—TG1 Binder has initiated an inter-laboratory program investigating the phase and interphase behaviour of bituminous binders. Within the scope, four laboratories evaluated the low temperature properties of seven binders with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC has been accepted as a powerful tool to evaluate, among others, the glass transitions, T g , monitoring the endothermic or exothermic heat flow of a material under controlled temperature conditions. There are different ways to run the test, conventional temperature linear-DSC (TL-DSC), and temperature modulation-DSC (TM-DSC). The latter has been proven as an efficient method differentiating the structural relaxation phenomena from the heat capacity. In this study, emphasis was placed on comparing the T g measured by TL- and TM-DSC to improve the interpretation of binder glass transitions. In this study, the scope was restrained to two Polymer modified Binders (PmBs): a commercially available modified binder named PmB1 and a highly modified binder (7.5 wt% high vinyl SBS) named PmB2, were evaluated and compared with two neat bituminous binders. Based on the thermographs of the PmB2 obtained through this inter-laboratory program, it was observed that the modification by 7.5% SBS resulted in a decrease of the T g . This reduction of T g reflects the positive influence of SBS at low temperatures.

ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Michael Elwardany; Laurent Porot; Stefan Vansteenkiste; Emmanuel Chailleux. Glass transitions in bituminous binders. Materials and Structures 2021, 54, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Michael Elwardany, Laurent Porot, Stefan Vansteenkiste, Emmanuel Chailleux. Glass transitions in bituminous binders. Materials and Structures. 2021; 54 (3):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Michael Elwardany; Laurent Porot; Stefan Vansteenkiste; Emmanuel Chailleux. 2021. "Glass transitions in bituminous binders." Materials and Structures 54, no. 3: 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 15 December 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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The rejuvenator dosage in bituminous binders is critical, as it has to be balanced to ensure the restoration of rheological properties without over-softening the recycled binders. In this study, the impact of dosage of different rejuvenators on a polymer modified bitumen was evaluated by conducting rheological tests at low, medium and high temperatures using a dynamic shear rheometer. This paper also presents the results from a differential scanning calorimetry in an effort to assess the glass transition of new recycled binders. The results indicate that the complex modulus and phase angle, Glover-Rowe parameter and glass transition temperature can be successfully used to evaluate the effectiveness of rejuvenators. Moreover, the maximum and minimum rejuvenator dosage was selected by performing multiple stress creep recovery and frequency sweep tests, respectively, and particularly by balancing between creep compliance and complex modulus results. Compared with the commercial rejuvenators, the lab prepared rejuvenator can effectively recover the cracking and fatigue resistance, without dramatically scarifying the rutting resistance. Overall, a procedure was proposed to select the appropriate dosage and type of rejuvenator for polymer modified binders toward engineering durable and long-lasting recycled pavement materials.

ACS Style

Peng Lin; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; Sandra Erkens; Shisong Ren; Shi Xu; Tom Scarpas; Weidong Huang. On the rejuvenator dosage optimization for aged SBS modified bitumen. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 271, 121913 .

AMA Style

Peng Lin, Xueyan Liu, Panos Apostolidis, Sandra Erkens, Shisong Ren, Shi Xu, Tom Scarpas, Weidong Huang. On the rejuvenator dosage optimization for aged SBS modified bitumen. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 271 ():121913.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peng Lin; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; Sandra Erkens; Shisong Ren; Shi Xu; Tom Scarpas; Weidong Huang. 2020. "On the rejuvenator dosage optimization for aged SBS modified bitumen." Construction and Building Materials 271, no. : 121913.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2020 in Materials and Structures
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In-depth understanding of the synergetic effect between the various incorporating constituents in asphalt binders (e.g., polymers, fillers) is needed to design durable paving materials with desired properties. In this research, the focus was first on the effect of the reactivity of fillers on the evolution of adhesive strength between stone aggregates and epoxy modified asphalt mastics during the epoxy polymerization. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on different combinations of fillers and binders with and without the epoxy-based polymer, and at different modification levels. Based on the results of the tensile tests, the increase of the adhesive strength of mastic with aggregates was generally lower when reactive filler particles (i.e., hydrated lime) were added than of epoxy binders with non-reactive filler. In other words, the non-reactive fillers did not influence the adhesion process and were thus selected for the next step studies on aging. The chemo-mechanical changes of epoxy modified asphalt mastics were analysed after pressure aging vessel and oven-conditioning after various aging times by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic shear rheometer. Less sulfoxides formed and higher modulus levels were measured with increasing the epoxy polymer in mastics over oven- and PAV-aging conditions. Due to the pressure difference, the rate of modulus increases and phase angle decrease was higher when the materials were conditioned in PAV than in oven.

ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Paul Marocho; Martin Van De Ven; Sandra Erkens; Tom Skarpas. Evaluation of epoxy modification in asphalt mastic. Materials and Structures 2020, 53, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Xueyan Liu, Paul Marocho, Martin Van De Ven, Sandra Erkens, Tom Skarpas. Evaluation of epoxy modification in asphalt mastic. Materials and Structures. 2020; 53 (5):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Paul Marocho; Martin Van De Ven; Sandra Erkens; Tom Skarpas. 2020. "Evaluation of epoxy modification in asphalt mastic." Materials and Structures 53, no. 5: 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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During the production of asphalt mixes, specific functional groups of asphalt binder interact chemically with certain reactive sites on the surface of minerals forming compounds that enhance the material resistance to environmental effects. The thermodynamics of surface phenomena between various combinations of functional groups of minerals and asphalt binders has been studied for quite a long time but it remains extremely difficult to control the desired material properties in practice. In this study, the chemical thermodynamics that determine the sorption phenomena and subsequently the relative affinity of asphalt binders onto mineral particles were analysed numerically and discussed. A two-step sorption configuration is studied in a multi-physics tool including reaction-driven mass transport of free species (i.e., carboxylic acid diluted in binder) onto a reactive surface (i.e., calcium functionalized mineral). Based on this configuration, the mechanism of asphalt-mineral interaction was determined at different surface temperatures and reactivity characteristics (i.e., activation energy and reaction kinetics of adsorption). The sorption model is applicable for various scenarios of asphalt-mineral interactions, especially for functionalized surfaces, in which the reaction-driven distribution of concentrations of asphalt adsorbates on minerals can provide useful information once the energetic parameters are known.

ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Athanasios Scarpas. Numerical study of sorption of asphalt binders on minerals. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 259, 120392 .

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Athanasios Scarpas. Numerical study of sorption of asphalt binders on minerals. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 259 ():120392.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Athanasios Scarpas. 2020. "Numerical study of sorption of asphalt binders on minerals." Construction and Building Materials 259, no. : 120392.

Articles
Published: 17 August 2020 in International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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Oxidative aging is responsible for the irreversible asphalt stiffening and embrittlement leading to asphalt pavements of increased susceptibility to fatigue and thermal cracking. In recent years, various flexible binders have been introduced in asphalt industry to produce long-life pavements and the epoxy asphalt binders are among them. Nevertheless, in-depth understanding of the oxidative aging mechanism of epoxy asphalt binders and binding systems is still needed to enable reliable predictions of material degradation through service life. In this research, the compositional and rheological changes of epoxy asphalt, with and without filler, were analysed by means of Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Dynamic Shear Rheometer. Especially, kinetics (Arrhenius) parameters of epoxy asphalt have been determined by tracking the chemical composition changes. Oxidation of carbon species in epoxy asphalt is compositional dependent, and low values of activation energy accompany in low values of reaction rate are shown by adding epoxy in asphalt. Furthermore, the epoxy asphalt mastics (binders with filler) have been subjected to rheological testing to evaluate the stiffening effect as oxidation proceeds. Increase of modulus over a wide range of frequencies, decrease of frequency dependency of modulus of epoxy asphalt and shifting of phase angle to lower values are some important observations noticed as well. Overall, oxidation in epoxy asphalt materials occurs slowly yielding to oxygen-resistant binders when epoxy compounds are incorporated in asphalt binders.

ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. Oxidative aging of epoxy asphalt. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2020, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Xueyan Liu, Sandra Erkens, Tom Scarpas. Oxidative aging of epoxy asphalt. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2020; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. 2020. "Oxidative aging of epoxy asphalt." International Journal of Pavement Engineering , no. : 1-11.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
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ACS Style

Peng Lin; Weidong Huang; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolids; HaoPeng Wang; Chuanqi Yan. Laboratory Evaluation of the Effects of Long-Term Aging on High-Content Polymer-Modified Asphalt Binder. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2020, 32, 04020157 .

AMA Style

Peng Lin, Weidong Huang, Xueyan Liu, Panos Apostolids, HaoPeng Wang, Chuanqi Yan. Laboratory Evaluation of the Effects of Long-Term Aging on High-Content Polymer-Modified Asphalt Binder. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2020; 32 (7):04020157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peng Lin; Weidong Huang; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolids; HaoPeng Wang; Chuanqi Yan. 2020. "Laboratory Evaluation of the Effects of Long-Term Aging on High-Content Polymer-Modified Asphalt Binder." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 7: 04020157.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2020 in Molecules
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Organosolv lignin, a natural polymer, has been used in this study as an oxidation inhibitor in bitumen. Particularly, the effect of oxidative aging on the chemical compositional changes and on the rheology of bituminous binders with organosolv lignin and the impact to inhibit oxidation in bitumen were evaluated. Firstly, after analyzing the microstructure and surface characteristics of utilized organosolv lignin, a high shear mixing procedure was followed to produce binders of different proportions of lignin in bitumen. Pressure aging vessel conditioning was applied to these binders to simulate in-field aging and a series of tests were performed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to track the compositional changes of lignin–bitumen systems before and after aging respectively. The rheological changes due to oxidative aging in the different lignin–bitumen systems were studied by means of dynamic shear rheometer tests. Based on the spectroscopic laboratory analyses, certain proportions of organosolv lignin in bitumen have shown a potential oxidation retardation effect in bitumen since a reduction of carbonyl and sulfoxide compounds was observed. However, the addition of lignin reduced the fatigue life of bitumen and potentially led to an increase in brittle fracture sensitivity at low and medium temperatures. Nevertheless, lignin improved the rutting resistance at high temperatures. Overall, it can be concluded that organosolv lignin can suppress the oxidation of sulfur and carbon compounds in bitumen either by direct deceleration of oxidation reaction or interaction with compounds that otherwise are oxidizable, without seriously degrading the mechanical properties.

ACS Style

Yi Zhang; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; Ruxin Jing; Sandra Erkens; Natascha Poeran; Athanasios Skarpas. Evaluation of Organosolv Lignin as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Bitumen. Molecules 2020, 25, 2455 .

AMA Style

Yi Zhang, Xueyan Liu, Panos Apostolidis, Ruxin Jing, Sandra Erkens, Natascha Poeran, Athanasios Skarpas. Evaluation of Organosolv Lignin as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Bitumen. Molecules. 2020; 25 (10):2455.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yi Zhang; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; Ruxin Jing; Sandra Erkens; Natascha Poeran; Athanasios Skarpas. 2020. "Evaluation of Organosolv Lignin as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Bitumen." Molecules 25, no. 10: 2455.

Journal article
Published: 02 April 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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This work presents an experimental program developed to evaluate the effect of epoxy-asphalt binder, used as replacement of bitumen, on the durability and fatigue life of an asphalt concrete mix. The use of epoxy-type binder as tack coat has been explored as well and thus experiments have been conducted to quantify the effect of epoxy tack coat on the interface strength of two-layer asphalt samples. Results indicated that the epoxy asphalt mixes had higher tensile strength than control mixes, and the increase of strength was noticed with increasing proportionally the amount of epoxy in bitumen. Additionally, the four-point bending tests indicate that a high modulus material, as the epoxy modified asphalt, can effectively reduce deflections of specimen beams and improve the fatigue resistance of mixes designed for surfacing roadway applications. On the basis of interlayer tests, the use of epoxy asphalt binder as tack coat improved the bonding strength between the two layers offering monolithic performance characteristics on high modulus roadway pavements. Overall, the current study concludes that a two-layer monolithic pavement system with epoxy asphalt could mitigate bonding defects, such as debonding, slippage and fatigue cracking propagated from bottom to up, of a surfacing (top) pavement layer of enhanced strength, modulus and fatigue resistance.

ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Sandra Erkens; Athanasios Scarpas. Use of epoxy asphalt as surfacing and tack coat material for roadway pavements. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 250, 118936 .

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Xueyan Liu, Sandra Erkens, Athanasios Scarpas. Use of epoxy asphalt as surfacing and tack coat material for roadway pavements. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 250 ():118936.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Sandra Erkens; Athanasios Scarpas. 2020. "Use of epoxy asphalt as surfacing and tack coat material for roadway pavements." Construction and Building Materials 250, no. : 118936.

Journal article
Published: 26 March 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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Asphalt binders incorporating different modifiers is a common practice but empirically driven in most of the cases. Therefore, the fundamental understanding of modification mechanisms in asphalt binders is needed to design polymer modified binders in a controllable manner, especially today in which new modification technologies are proposed. Among others, epoxy-based polymers have been accepted as a promising solution for asphalt binders to develop durable and long-lasting pavement materials. Nevertheless, a relationship between processing of epoxy-asphalt binders and their properties built-up is of high importance to prevent phenomena such as over-curing during the material production. In this research, the use of standard and modulated differential calorimetric measurements is discussed by performing analyses to asphalt binders modified with two epoxy formulations in addition to a commercially available epoxy-asphalt binder as a reference. The kinetic parameters and the Tg change of various crosslinking epoxy-based binders was assessed for the different formulations. According to the results, the Tg is shifting to higher temperatures as cure progresses and crosslinks are formed, with the neat epoxy-based polymer to crosslink faster than epoxy-asphalt binders. Difference on the crosslinking performance between the two epoxy polymers was noticed as well. This research provided valuable insight into the chemical thermodynamics of crosslinking epoxy-asphalt that can help the future material designers to control reaction-induced phenomena, such as the phase separation.

ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Sandra Erkens; Athanasios Scarpas. Characterization of epoxy-asphalt binders by differential scanning calorimetry. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 249, 118800 .

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Xueyan Liu, Sandra Erkens, Athanasios Scarpas. Characterization of epoxy-asphalt binders by differential scanning calorimetry. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 249 ():118800.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Sandra Erkens; Athanasios Scarpas. 2020. "Characterization of epoxy-asphalt binders by differential scanning calorimetry." Construction and Building Materials 249, no. : 118800.

Articles
Published: 07 February 2020 in International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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Waste tire rubber has been incorporated into asphalt modification for decades due to its various benefits. There are two main mechanisms during bitumen–rubber interaction: rubber swelling and chemical degradation. This study surveys these two processes from the viewpoint of polymer science. The kinetics of rubber dissolution and thermodynamics of rubber swelling are discussed to provide a fundamental understanding of the interaction process and to demonstrate how optimisation of material selection and processing procedures can lead to the desired binder properties. Factors including the interaction conditions and raw material characteristics are analysed based on the previous theories and compared with experimental results.

ACS Style

HaoPeng Wang; Panos Apostolidis; Jiqing Zhu; Xueyan Liu; Athanasios Skarpas; Sandra Erkens. The role of thermodynamics and kinetics in rubber–bitumen systems: a theoretical overview. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2020, 1 -16.

AMA Style

HaoPeng Wang, Panos Apostolidis, Jiqing Zhu, Xueyan Liu, Athanasios Skarpas, Sandra Erkens. The role of thermodynamics and kinetics in rubber–bitumen systems: a theoretical overview. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2020; ():1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

HaoPeng Wang; Panos Apostolidis; Jiqing Zhu; Xueyan Liu; Athanasios Skarpas; Sandra Erkens. 2020. "The role of thermodynamics and kinetics in rubber–bitumen systems: a theoretical overview." International Journal of Pavement Engineering , no. : 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 03 January 2020 in Materials & Design
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Crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) can be considered as a binary composite system where rubber particles are embedded in the bitumen matrix. The bitumen-rubber interaction process (mainly swelling) significantly changes the mechanical properties of both bitumen and rubber phases. This study aims to predict the complex moduli of CRMB binders with more representative constituent parameters using micromechanical models. To achieve this goal, frequency sweep tests using a dynamic shear rheometer were performed on the liquid phase of CRMB and swollen rubber samples to represent the essential properties of bitumen matrix and rubber inclusion. In addition, the numerical swelling model was developed to estimate the effective volume concentration of rubber after swelling. Results show that the liquid phases of CRMB are stiffer and more elastic than the neat bitumen while the swollen rubber is softer and more viscous than the dry rubber. The effective volume concentration of rubber can increase to 2.126 times as the blend percentage based on the finite element analysis. Using the liquid phase of CRMB binder and swollen rubber properties as the micromechanical model inputs yield more accurate predictions. The used four micromechanical models predict well at higher frequencies while underestimating the complex modulus at lower frequencies.

ACS Style

HaoPeng Wang; Xueyan Liu; Hong Zhang; Panos Apostolidis; Sandra Erkens; Athanasios Skarpas. Micromechanical modelling of complex shear modulus of crumb rubber modified bitumen. Materials & Design 2020, 188, 108467 .

AMA Style

HaoPeng Wang, Xueyan Liu, Hong Zhang, Panos Apostolidis, Sandra Erkens, Athanasios Skarpas. Micromechanical modelling of complex shear modulus of crumb rubber modified bitumen. Materials & Design. 2020; 188 ():108467.

Chicago/Turabian Style

HaoPeng Wang; Xueyan Liu; Hong Zhang; Panos Apostolidis; Sandra Erkens; Athanasios Skarpas. 2020. "Micromechanical modelling of complex shear modulus of crumb rubber modified bitumen." Materials & Design 188, no. : 108467.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2019 in Materials
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As bitumen oxidizes, material stiffening and embrittlement occur, and bitumen eventually cracks. The use of anti-oxidants, such as lignin, could be used to delay oxidative aging and to extend the lifetime of asphalt pavements. In this study, the chemical and rheological effect of lignin on bitumen was evaluated by using a single dosage organsolv lignin (10 wt.% dosage). A pressure aging vessel (PAV) was used to simulate the long-term aging process after performing the standard short-term aging procedure, and the lignin-modified bituminous binders were characterized by an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). From the ESEM results, the uniform microstructure was observed, indicating that the addition of lignin did not affect the worm structure of bitumen. Based on the FTIR test results, lignin-modified bitumen showed that a lower number of carbonyl and sulfoxide compounds were generated after aging than for neat bitumen. Based on the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) results, the addition of lignin slightly reduced the fatigue life of bitumen. From the frequency sweep results, it showed that lignin in bitumen acts as a modifier since the physical interaction between lignin and bitumen predominantly affects the material rheology. Overall, lignin could be a promising anti-oxidant due to its economic and environmental benefits.

ACS Style

Yi Zhang; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; Wolfgang Gard; Martin Van De Ven; Sandra Erkens; Ruxin Jing. Chemical and Rheological Evaluation of Aged Lignin-Modified Bitumen. Materials 2019, 12, 4176 .

AMA Style

Yi Zhang, Xueyan Liu, Panos Apostolidis, Wolfgang Gard, Martin Van De Ven, Sandra Erkens, Ruxin Jing. Chemical and Rheological Evaluation of Aged Lignin-Modified Bitumen. Materials. 2019; 12 (24):4176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yi Zhang; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; Wolfgang Gard; Martin Van De Ven; Sandra Erkens; Ruxin Jing. 2019. "Chemical and Rheological Evaluation of Aged Lignin-Modified Bitumen." Materials 12, no. 24: 4176.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2019 in International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Martin Van De Ven; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. Control the crosslinking of epoxy-asphalt via induction heating. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2019, 21, 956 -965.

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Xueyan Liu, Martin Van De Ven, Sandra Erkens, Tom Scarpas. Control the crosslinking of epoxy-asphalt via induction heating. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2019; 21 (8):956-965.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Martin Van De Ven; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. 2019. "Control the crosslinking of epoxy-asphalt via induction heating." International Journal of Pavement Engineering 21, no. 8: 956-965.

Research article
Published: 17 March 2019 in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
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Epoxy modification of asphalt binders has been recognized as a very effective technology to alter the chemistry of asphaltic materials in such a way that long-lasting pavement structures can be designed. However, the phenomena that are involved to build up the physico-mechanical properties of epoxy asphalt systems are still unknown. The focus of this paper is on understanding the link between chemistry and the mechanical properties of epoxy asphalt binders during the thermo-irreversible process of chemical hardening. For this purpose, a constitutive model for predicting the evolution of cure-induced stresses in epoxy asphalt binders is proposed, and an experimental program was developed to determine the model parameters. The cure dependency of physico-mechanical parameters of modified binder was obtained and imported into the model to simulate the build-up of material properties during (non-)isothermal hardening of epoxy asphalt binder. The model is implemented in a commercially finite element tool by coupling the chemical, thermal, and mechanical phenomena with multi-physics strategies, and the results are analyzed to identify the influence of different heating conditions on the crosslinking density and subsequently on stress build-up. It was found that the amount of stress build-up during curing was strongly dependent on the heating conditions, and a higher rate of stress build-up was observed at higher applied temperatures. In other words, the processing conditions during in-plant material production or in-field manufacturing of structures made by epoxy asphalt systems affect the material hardening and subsequently the desired functionalities of pavement structures.

ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Martin Van De Ven; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. Kinetic Viscoelasticity of Crosslinking Epoxy Asphalt. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2019, 2673, 551 -560.

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Xueyan Liu, Martin Van De Ven, Sandra Erkens, Tom Scarpas. Kinetic Viscoelasticity of Crosslinking Epoxy Asphalt. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2019; 2673 (3):551-560.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Martin Van De Ven; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. 2019. "Kinetic Viscoelasticity of Crosslinking Epoxy Asphalt." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 3: 551-560.

Journal article
Published: 08 March 2019 in Construction and Building Materials
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In epoxy-bitumen systems, temperature contributes to the development of physiochemical and mechanical characteristics during curing (chemical hardening) and at the long-term service (oxidative aging) of pavement structures. Hardening (i.e., chemical or oxidative controlled) is a complex phenomenon in epoxy-modified binders and the in-depth exploration of incorporating epoxy chemistry in bitumen is needed to understand the evolution of the properties of these binders in time. Within this framework, changes in two different diluted epoxy-modified binders after oven-hardening for various time scales were analysed by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, modulated dynamic scanning calorimetry and dynamic shear rheometry. The chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of hardened binders were compared showing remarkable differences in their response under various conditions. The degree of aging was dependent on the level of epoxy modification in bitumen. It was found that the sulfoxide compounds are the most representative index for assessing the oxidative-controlled hardening of epoxy-modified bitumens. The phase angle gives useful information for assessing the long-term aging of modified binders demonstrating a linear relationship between the phase angle and sulfoxide index changes with respect to oxidative hardening. The improved performance (i.e., higher tensile strength, flexibility and enhanced longevity) of newly modified binders was demonstrated as well. Overall, the enhanced resistance against aging in combination with the superior mechanical characteristics when the epoxy modification is implemented in bitumen promises a very effective technology for developing long-lasting pavement materials.

ACS Style

P. Apostolidis; X. Liu; S. Erkens; A. Scarpas. Evaluation of epoxy modification in bitumen. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 208, 361 -368.

AMA Style

P. Apostolidis, X. Liu, S. Erkens, A. Scarpas. Evaluation of epoxy modification in bitumen. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 208 ():361-368.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P. Apostolidis; X. Liu; S. Erkens; A. Scarpas. 2019. "Evaluation of epoxy modification in bitumen." Construction and Building Materials 208, no. : 361-368.

Journal article
Published: 08 February 2019 in Road Materials and Pavement Design
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ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Christian Gerald Daniel; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. Effect of synthetic fibres on fracture performance of asphalt mortar. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2019, 21, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Xueyan Liu, Christian Gerald Daniel, Sandra Erkens, Tom Scarpas. Effect of synthetic fibres on fracture performance of asphalt mortar. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2019; 21 (7):1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Christian Gerald Daniel; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. 2019. "Effect of synthetic fibres on fracture performance of asphalt mortar." Road Materials and Pavement Design 21, no. 7: 1-14.

Articles
Published: 27 December 2018 in Road Materials and Pavement Design
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Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology has been increasingly utilised in rubberised asphalt pavements to reduce the production and compaction temperatures and the incidental fumes and odours. This study aims to investigate the high, intermediate and low-temperature performance of crumb rubber modified asphalt binders containing WMA additives. The asphalt-rubber interactions under various mixing combinations of temperature and time were investigated through both microscopic and mechanical methods to obtain the optimum mixing procedure. The effects of WMA additives (wax-based and chemical-based products) on the binder performance were investigated by multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test, linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test and low-temperature frequency sweep test. Results show that rubberised asphalt binders significantly improve the binder performance of base asphalt at different temperature ranges. The effects of WMA additives on binder performance varied with base asphalt and rubberised asphalt binder. In addition, the nonrecoverable compliance difference was found not suitable to characterise the stress sensitivity of rubberised binders and the difference in the nonrecoverable compliance for an incremental change in applied stress was proved to be a more accurate alternative. For the cyclic LAS test, the failure energy was found to have a strong correlation with the predicted fatigue life using simplified viscoelastic continuum damage analysis and therefore can be considered as a simple indicator for binder fatigue performance ranking. Relaxation modulus and rate derived from low-temperature frequency sweep tests produced comparable results for ranking the low-temperature performance of different binders. It is feasible and promising to use a unified DSR test methodology to characterise the binder performance covering the whole service temperature range.

ACS Style

HaoPeng Wang; Xueyan Liu; Hong Zhang; Panos Apostolidis; Tom Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. Asphalt-rubber interaction and performance evaluation of rubberised asphalt binders containing non-foaming warm-mix additives. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2018, 21, 1612 -1633.

AMA Style

HaoPeng Wang, Xueyan Liu, Hong Zhang, Panos Apostolidis, Tom Scarpas, Sandra Erkens. Asphalt-rubber interaction and performance evaluation of rubberised asphalt binders containing non-foaming warm-mix additives. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2018; 21 (6):1612-1633.

Chicago/Turabian Style

HaoPeng Wang; Xueyan Liu; Hong Zhang; Panos Apostolidis; Tom Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. 2018. "Asphalt-rubber interaction and performance evaluation of rubberised asphalt binders containing non-foaming warm-mix additives." Road Materials and Pavement Design 21, no. 6: 1612-1633.

Journal article
Published: 20 November 2018 in Applied Sciences
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Low temperature asphalt (LTA) technologies, such as warm-mixed asphalt mixes, are utilized in the paving industry to lower energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions during asphalt mixing and pavement construction. However, the asphalt mixes developed that incorporate LTA additives are more sensitive than hot-mixed asphalts to temperature reduction during compaction, which leads to inadequate compaction and subsequent poor pavement performance. The induction heating-assisted compaction of pavement structures appears to be an effective way to ameliorate such issues and to improve mix compactability at lower temperatures. Considering that induction-assisted compaction is a complex process, a computational methodology is proposed in this paper. A porous asphalt concrete mix was considered as case material. For the pavement compaction analyses after induction, the temperature field generated by electromagnetic induction was predicted and the material parameters of asphalt mortar were adjusted. The effect of induction heating on asphalt compaction effectiveness, the tendency of mix density changing, the increase in compactor passes, and the influence of temperature on compaction at different locations in the pavement were studied as well.

ACS Style

Changhong Zhou; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; A. (Tom) Scarpas; Liang He. Induction Heating-Assisted Compaction in Porous Asphalt Pavements: A Computational Study. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 2308 .

AMA Style

Changhong Zhou, Xueyan Liu, Panos Apostolidis, A. (Tom) Scarpas, Liang He. Induction Heating-Assisted Compaction in Porous Asphalt Pavements: A Computational Study. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (11):2308.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Changhong Zhou; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; A. (Tom) Scarpas; Liang He. 2018. "Induction Heating-Assisted Compaction in Porous Asphalt Pavements: A Computational Study." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11: 2308.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2018 in Applied Sciences
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Crumb rubber-modified bitumen (CRMB) has been utilized in the asphalt paving industry for decades due to its various benefits. The complex interaction between bitumen and crumb rubber as well as the addition of warm-mix additives makes the typical laws of Newtonian fluids insufficient to describe the behaviors of highly modified bituminous binders. To systematically explore the non-Newtonian behaviors of CRMB, a dynamic shear rheometer was utilized to apply shear loading on the samples at various temperatures and shear rates. Results show that the viscosity of different binders are highly temperature- and shear rate-dependent, while highly modified binders exhibit more obvious shear-thinning behaviors at certain temperatures. With the help of zero shear viscosity and yield stress, the shear-thinning behaviors of non-Newtonian binders can be sufficiently characterized. The Arrhenius equation is invalid to describe viscosity-temperature characteristics of bitumen in the non-Newtonian region. A second-order polynomial function was proposed to characterize the viscosity-temperature dependence with a high correlation degree.

ACS Style

HaoPeng Wang; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; Tom Scarpas. Non-Newtonian Behaviors of Crumb Rubber-Modified Bituminous Binders. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 1760 .

AMA Style

HaoPeng Wang, Xueyan Liu, Panos Apostolidis, Tom Scarpas. Non-Newtonian Behaviors of Crumb Rubber-Modified Bituminous Binders. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (10):1760.

Chicago/Turabian Style

HaoPeng Wang; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; Tom Scarpas. 2018. "Non-Newtonian Behaviors of Crumb Rubber-Modified Bituminous Binders." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10: 1760.