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Sandra Erkens
Department of Engineering Structures, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands

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Research article
Published: 05 April 2021 in Road Materials and Pavement Design
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Moisture sorption can significantly influence hydrothermal ageing and alter the chemical and rheological properties of bituminous mastics. Mineral filler particles are added to bituminous binders to form mastics with increased stiffness. The addition of fillers can considerably change the moisture sorption and the physico-chemical properties of binders by surface interactions and physical presence. This study aims to investigate the effect of filler type on the moisture-induced changes of bituminous mastics after wetting-drying cycles by means of sorption, rheological and infrared spectrometry tests. The results show that mineral fillers with higher diffusivity increase the overall capacity of mastics to absorb moisture, but at the same time allow for moisture desorption during drying. Nevertheless, it has been found that it is not the diffusivity properties but rather the bitumen and filler interactions that control the hydrothermal ageing of the mastics.

ACS Style

Aikaterini Varveri; Ruxin Jing; Giulia Tarsi; Sandra Erkens. Effect of filler properties on the hydrothermal ageing of bituminous mastics. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2021, 22, S2 -S22.

AMA Style

Aikaterini Varveri, Ruxin Jing, Giulia Tarsi, Sandra Erkens. Effect of filler properties on the hydrothermal ageing of bituminous mastics. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2021; 22 (sup1):S2-S22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aikaterini Varveri; Ruxin Jing; Giulia Tarsi; Sandra Erkens. 2021. "Effect of filler properties on the hydrothermal ageing of bituminous mastics." Road Materials and Pavement Design 22, no. sup1: S2-S22.

Research article
Published: 25 March 2021 in Road Materials and Pavement Design
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Crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) can be regarded as a binary composite system in which swollen rubber particles are embedded in the bitumen matrix. The current study aims to further improve the prediction accuracy of micromechanical models for CRMB by considering the interparticle interactions. To accomplish this goal, two different strategies were used. Firstly, the (n+1)-phase model was applied to the CRMB system by considering the multilayer properties of swollen rubber particles. Secondly, a new micromechanical scheme called the J-C model was used to account for the interparticle interaction issue. Results show that the (n+1)-phase models slightly increase the prediction accuracy but the underestimation of complex modulus at lower frequencies remains unsolved. The J-C model remedies the underestimation of modulus in the low-frequency range by other models and provides an overall improvement for the relative prediction accuracy by properly addressing the interparticle interactions from the perspective of particle configuration.

ACS Style

HaoPeng Wang; Hong Zhang; Xueyan Liu; Athanasios Skarpas; Sandra Erkens; Zhen Leng. Micromechanics-based complex modulus prediction of crumb rubber modified bitumen considering interparticle interactions. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2021, 22, S251 -S268.

AMA Style

HaoPeng Wang, Hong Zhang, Xueyan Liu, Athanasios Skarpas, Sandra Erkens, Zhen Leng. Micromechanics-based complex modulus prediction of crumb rubber modified bitumen considering interparticle interactions. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2021; 22 (sup1):S251-S268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

HaoPeng Wang; Hong Zhang; Xueyan Liu; Athanasios Skarpas; Sandra Erkens; Zhen Leng. 2021. "Micromechanics-based complex modulus prediction of crumb rubber modified bitumen considering interparticle interactions." Road Materials and Pavement Design 22, no. sup1: S251-S268.

Journal article
Published: 31 October 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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The objective of this study is to estimate the effects of using waste cooking oil (WCO), waste engine oil (WEO) as well as styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) on the performance restoration and improvement for aged asphalt. The rheological properties of aged and rejuvenated asphalts were assessed using rotational viscometer (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR) methods. Moreover, compatibility, aging properties and rejuvenation mechanism of rejuvenated asphalts were also explored. The results revealed that WCO and WEO both strengthened the viscous properties, fatigue and cracking resistance, but adversely affects the temperature sensitivity, rutting resistance, elastic recovery, compatibility and aging properties of rejuvenated asphalt. Meanwhile, adding SBR further improved the temperature sensitivity, high and low temperature performance, compatibility as well as aging resistance of rejuvenated asphalt. Besides, WCO rejuvenated asphalt had some advantages in fatigue cracking resistance performance, while WEO rejuvenated asphalt possessed better rutting resistance, creep recovery and compatibility. Furthermore, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy test showed that the physical blending mainly determined the rejuvenation mechanism when both waste oil and SBR was used in aged asphalt. Considering overall performance of rejuvenated asphalt, the optimum dosage of waste oil and SBR were recommended as 10 wt% and 3 wt%, respectively.

ACS Style

Shisong Ren; Xueyan Liu; Weiyu Fan; Chengduo Qian; Guozhi Nan; Sandra Erkens. Investigating the effects of waste oil and styrene-butadiene rubber on restoring and improving the viscoelastic, compatibility, and aging properties of aged asphalt. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 269, 121338 .

AMA Style

Shisong Ren, Xueyan Liu, Weiyu Fan, Chengduo Qian, Guozhi Nan, Sandra Erkens. Investigating the effects of waste oil and styrene-butadiene rubber on restoring and improving the viscoelastic, compatibility, and aging properties of aged asphalt. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 269 ():121338.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shisong Ren; Xueyan Liu; Weiyu Fan; Chengduo Qian; Guozhi Nan; Sandra Erkens. 2020. "Investigating the effects of waste oil and styrene-butadiene rubber on restoring and improving the viscoelastic, compatibility, and aging properties of aged asphalt." Construction and Building Materials 269, no. : 121338.

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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It is well known that crumb rubber (CR) and styrene–butadienestyrene (SBS) composite modified asphalt has better rheological and engineering performance. However, it always presents very poor compatibility and storage stability. Meanwhile, Trans-polyoctenamer (TOR) can effectively improve the compatibility and thermal stability of rubber asphalt. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effectiveness of TOR on rheological properties, microstructure and thermal stability of CR/SBS modified asphalt. The results show that TOR has a significant influence on strengthening anti-rutting and temperature sensitivity of CR/SBS modified asphalt. However, TOR has a slightly negative influence on the anti-cracking ability for CR/SBS modified asphalt, which still maintains the critical low temperature requirement. Furthermore, TOR could be able to promote the conformation of cross-linked structure between polymer and asphalt, resulting in a significant enhancement in rheological properties and thermal stability of CR/SBS modified asphalt. Lastly, the effects of TOR on viscoelastic performance for modified asphalt markedly depend on the component of neat asphalt, and high asphaltene content is beneficial for improving the rheological behavior effects of TOR.

ACS Style

Shisong Ren; Xueyan Liu; Mingliang Li; Weiyu Fan; Jian Xu; Sandra Erkens. Experimental characterization of viscoelastic behaviors, microstructure and thermal stability of CR/SBS modified asphalt with TOR. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 261, 120524 .

AMA Style

Shisong Ren, Xueyan Liu, Mingliang Li, Weiyu Fan, Jian Xu, Sandra Erkens. Experimental characterization of viscoelastic behaviors, microstructure and thermal stability of CR/SBS modified asphalt with TOR. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 261 ():120524.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shisong Ren; Xueyan Liu; Mingliang Li; Weiyu Fan; Jian Xu; Sandra Erkens. 2020. "Experimental characterization of viscoelastic behaviors, microstructure and thermal stability of CR/SBS modified asphalt with TOR." Construction and Building Materials 261, no. : 120524.

Articles
Published: 17 August 2020 in International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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Oxidative aging is responsible for the irreversible asphalt stiffening and embrittlement leading to asphalt pavements of increased susceptibility to fatigue and thermal cracking. In recent years, various flexible binders have been introduced in asphalt industry to produce long-life pavements and the epoxy asphalt binders are among them. Nevertheless, in-depth understanding of the oxidative aging mechanism of epoxy asphalt binders and binding systems is still needed to enable reliable predictions of material degradation through service life. In this research, the compositional and rheological changes of epoxy asphalt, with and without filler, were analysed by means of Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Dynamic Shear Rheometer. Especially, kinetics (Arrhenius) parameters of epoxy asphalt have been determined by tracking the chemical composition changes. Oxidation of carbon species in epoxy asphalt is compositional dependent, and low values of activation energy accompany in low values of reaction rate are shown by adding epoxy in asphalt. Furthermore, the epoxy asphalt mastics (binders with filler) have been subjected to rheological testing to evaluate the stiffening effect as oxidation proceeds. Increase of modulus over a wide range of frequencies, decrease of frequency dependency of modulus of epoxy asphalt and shifting of phase angle to lower values are some important observations noticed as well. Overall, oxidation in epoxy asphalt materials occurs slowly yielding to oxygen-resistant binders when epoxy compounds are incorporated in asphalt binders.

ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. Oxidative aging of epoxy asphalt. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2020, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Xueyan Liu, Sandra Erkens, Tom Scarpas. Oxidative aging of epoxy asphalt. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2020; ():1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. 2020. "Oxidative aging of epoxy asphalt." International Journal of Pavement Engineering , no. : 1-11.

Articles
Published: 27 July 2020 in International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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A non-destructive testing method suitable for network-level pavement structural evaluation is the traffic speed deflectometer (TSD) test. However, the analysis of TSD measurements still needs a proper parameter back-calculation procedure, which requires an accurate and efficient forward calculation model. As a first step to solving this issue, a nonlinear spectral element model which can simulate TSD tests of asphalt pavements is developed. The model is used to investigate the characteristics and parameter sensitivity of the response of asphalt pavements caused by the TSD loading. The results indicate that the vertical deflection curve along the direction of movement observed on the asphalt pavement surface is slightly asymmetric, and the maximum deflection appears behind the centre of the loading area. In addition, the slope curve of vertical deflection is highly sensitive to the magnitude of the applied force, the moduli of the base layer and subgrade, and the thicknesses of the asphalt layer and base layer. Furthermore, the slope curve is relatively sensitive to the glassy modulus of the asphalt layer. Because of its good predictive capability and high computational efficiency, the proposed model has the desired characteristics to be used as the computational kernel for parameter back-calculation procedures of TSD measurements.

ACS Style

Zhaojie Sun; Cor Kasbergen; Athanasios Skarpas; Karel N. Van Dalen; Kumar Anupam; Sandra M. J. G. Erkens. A nonlinear spectral element model for the simulation of traffic speed deflectometer tests of asphalt pavements. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2020, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Zhaojie Sun, Cor Kasbergen, Athanasios Skarpas, Karel N. Van Dalen, Kumar Anupam, Sandra M. J. G. Erkens. A nonlinear spectral element model for the simulation of traffic speed deflectometer tests of asphalt pavements. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2020; ():1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhaojie Sun; Cor Kasbergen; Athanasios Skarpas; Karel N. Van Dalen; Kumar Anupam; Sandra M. J. G. Erkens. 2020. "A nonlinear spectral element model for the simulation of traffic speed deflectometer tests of asphalt pavements." International Journal of Pavement Engineering , no. : 1-12.

Journal article
Published: 25 May 2020 in Molecules
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Organosolv lignin, a natural polymer, has been used in this study as an oxidation inhibitor in bitumen. Particularly, the effect of oxidative aging on the chemical compositional changes and on the rheology of bituminous binders with organosolv lignin and the impact to inhibit oxidation in bitumen were evaluated. Firstly, after analyzing the microstructure and surface characteristics of utilized organosolv lignin, a high shear mixing procedure was followed to produce binders of different proportions of lignin in bitumen. Pressure aging vessel conditioning was applied to these binders to simulate in-field aging and a series of tests were performed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to track the compositional changes of lignin–bitumen systems before and after aging respectively. The rheological changes due to oxidative aging in the different lignin–bitumen systems were studied by means of dynamic shear rheometer tests. Based on the spectroscopic laboratory analyses, certain proportions of organosolv lignin in bitumen have shown a potential oxidation retardation effect in bitumen since a reduction of carbonyl and sulfoxide compounds was observed. However, the addition of lignin reduced the fatigue life of bitumen and potentially led to an increase in brittle fracture sensitivity at low and medium temperatures. Nevertheless, lignin improved the rutting resistance at high temperatures. Overall, it can be concluded that organosolv lignin can suppress the oxidation of sulfur and carbon compounds in bitumen either by direct deceleration of oxidation reaction or interaction with compounds that otherwise are oxidizable, without seriously degrading the mechanical properties.

ACS Style

Yi Zhang; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; Ruxin Jing; Sandra Erkens; Natascha Poeran; Athanasios Skarpas. Evaluation of Organosolv Lignin as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Bitumen. Molecules 2020, 25, 2455 .

AMA Style

Yi Zhang, Xueyan Liu, Panos Apostolidis, Ruxin Jing, Sandra Erkens, Natascha Poeran, Athanasios Skarpas. Evaluation of Organosolv Lignin as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Bitumen. Molecules. 2020; 25 (10):2455.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yi Zhang; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; Ruxin Jing; Sandra Erkens; Natascha Poeran; Athanasios Skarpas. 2020. "Evaluation of Organosolv Lignin as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Bitumen." Molecules 25, no. 10: 2455.

Editorial
Published: 29 March 2020 in Materials
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This Special Issue “Sustainable Designed Pavement Materials” has been proposed and organized as a means to present recent developments in the field of environmentally-friendly designed pavement materials. For this reason, articles included in this special issue relate to different aspects of pavement materials, from industry solid waste recycling to pavement materials recycling, from pavement materials modification to asphalt performance characterization, from pavement defect detection to pavement maintenance, and from asphalt pavement to cement concrete pavement, as highlighted in this editorial.

ACS Style

Yue Xiao; Sandra Erkens; Mingliang Li; Tao Ma; Xueyan Liu. Sustainable Designed Pavement Materials. Materials 2020, 13, 1575 .

AMA Style

Yue Xiao, Sandra Erkens, Mingliang Li, Tao Ma, Xueyan Liu. Sustainable Designed Pavement Materials. Materials. 2020; 13 (7):1575.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yue Xiao; Sandra Erkens; Mingliang Li; Tao Ma; Xueyan Liu. 2020. "Sustainable Designed Pavement Materials." Materials 13, no. 7: 1575.

Articles
Published: 07 February 2020 in International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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Waste tire rubber has been incorporated into asphalt modification for decades due to its various benefits. There are two main mechanisms during bitumen–rubber interaction: rubber swelling and chemical degradation. This study surveys these two processes from the viewpoint of polymer science. The kinetics of rubber dissolution and thermodynamics of rubber swelling are discussed to provide a fundamental understanding of the interaction process and to demonstrate how optimisation of material selection and processing procedures can lead to the desired binder properties. Factors including the interaction conditions and raw material characteristics are analysed based on the previous theories and compared with experimental results.

ACS Style

HaoPeng Wang; Panos Apostolidis; Jiqing Zhu; Xueyan Liu; Athanasios Skarpas; Sandra Erkens. The role of thermodynamics and kinetics in rubber–bitumen systems: a theoretical overview. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2020, 1 -16.

AMA Style

HaoPeng Wang, Panos Apostolidis, Jiqing Zhu, Xueyan Liu, Athanasios Skarpas, Sandra Erkens. The role of thermodynamics and kinetics in rubber–bitumen systems: a theoretical overview. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2020; ():1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

HaoPeng Wang; Panos Apostolidis; Jiqing Zhu; Xueyan Liu; Athanasios Skarpas; Sandra Erkens. 2020. "The role of thermodynamics and kinetics in rubber–bitumen systems: a theoretical overview." International Journal of Pavement Engineering , no. : 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2019 in Materials
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As bitumen oxidizes, material stiffening and embrittlement occur, and bitumen eventually cracks. The use of anti-oxidants, such as lignin, could be used to delay oxidative aging and to extend the lifetime of asphalt pavements. In this study, the chemical and rheological effect of lignin on bitumen was evaluated by using a single dosage organsolv lignin (10 wt.% dosage). A pressure aging vessel (PAV) was used to simulate the long-term aging process after performing the standard short-term aging procedure, and the lignin-modified bituminous binders were characterized by an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). From the ESEM results, the uniform microstructure was observed, indicating that the addition of lignin did not affect the worm structure of bitumen. Based on the FTIR test results, lignin-modified bitumen showed that a lower number of carbonyl and sulfoxide compounds were generated after aging than for neat bitumen. Based on the linear amplitude sweep (LAS) results, the addition of lignin slightly reduced the fatigue life of bitumen. From the frequency sweep results, it showed that lignin in bitumen acts as a modifier since the physical interaction between lignin and bitumen predominantly affects the material rheology. Overall, lignin could be a promising anti-oxidant due to its economic and environmental benefits.

ACS Style

Yi Zhang; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; Wolfgang Gard; Martin Van De Ven; Sandra Erkens; Ruxin Jing. Chemical and Rheological Evaluation of Aged Lignin-Modified Bitumen. Materials 2019, 12, 4176 .

AMA Style

Yi Zhang, Xueyan Liu, Panos Apostolidis, Wolfgang Gard, Martin Van De Ven, Sandra Erkens, Ruxin Jing. Chemical and Rheological Evaluation of Aged Lignin-Modified Bitumen. Materials. 2019; 12 (24):4176.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yi Zhang; Xueyan Liu; Panos Apostolidis; Wolfgang Gard; Martin Van De Ven; Sandra Erkens; Ruxin Jing. 2019. "Chemical and Rheological Evaluation of Aged Lignin-Modified Bitumen." Materials 12, no. 24: 4176.

Journal article
Published: 08 November 2019 in Materials
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A styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) latex modifier can be used for asphalt modification due to the fact of its energy-saving, construction convenience, and economic advantages. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of asphalt type and SBS latex dosage on the rheological properties, compatibility, and storage stability of asphalt through temperature and frequency sweep, steady-state flow, multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) tests, Cole-Cole plots and thermal storage tests. The results indicated that high SBS latex content is beneficial for improving anti-rutting, anti-fatigue, viscous flow resistance, and elastic recovery abilities of modified asphalt. The chemical composition of asphalt had a significant effect on the properties of the SBS latex-modified asphalt. High asphaltenes and low resins were favorable to enhancing anti-rutting and recovery properties but weakened the anti-fatigue, compatibility, and storage stability of modified asphalt. Furthermore, compared to SBS particle-modified asphalt, SBS latex-modified asphalt had greater rutting and fatigue resistance. However, SBS latex-modified asphalt had some disadvantages in compatibility and storage stability. Comprehensively considering the balance of viscoelastic properties, compatibility, and storage stability of SBS latex-modified asphalt, the mixing dosage of SBS latex modifier is recommended at 4.0 wt% which could feasibly replace SBS particle in asphalt modification.

ACS Style

Shisong Ren; Xueyan Liu; Weiyu Fan; HaoPeng Wang; Sandra Erkens. Rheological Properties, Compatibility, and Storage Stability of SBS Latex-Modified Asphalt. Materials 2019, 12, 3683 .

AMA Style

Shisong Ren, Xueyan Liu, Weiyu Fan, HaoPeng Wang, Sandra Erkens. Rheological Properties, Compatibility, and Storage Stability of SBS Latex-Modified Asphalt. Materials. 2019; 12 (22):3683.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shisong Ren; Xueyan Liu; Weiyu Fan; HaoPeng Wang; Sandra Erkens. 2019. "Rheological Properties, Compatibility, and Storage Stability of SBS Latex-Modified Asphalt." Materials 12, no. 22: 3683.

Articles
Published: 04 September 2019 in Road Materials and Pavement Design
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Ageing has a significant impact on the chemical and mechanical properties of bituminous materials. In this study, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) tests were utilised to investigate the effect of ageing on the chemical and rheological properties of bitumen. Bitumen films with thickness of 2 mm were exposed to laboratory ageing at various conditions. Specifically, different combinations of ageing time, temperature and pressure were applied on the bitumen samples. The FTIR results were used to quantify the changes in the chemical functional groups and to calculate the combined ageing index (summation of carbonyl and sulfoxide indices) of bitumen. In addition, the DSR test results were analysed to determine the evolution of the black diagrams, crossover frequency and crossover modulus with ageing. A linear relationship was found between the combined ageing index and the distance in the crossover map, providing thus a chemo-mechanics framework to describe bitumen ageing. The results were validated by using data of field aged samples.

ACS Style

Ruxin Jing; Aikaterini Varveri; Xueyan Liu; Athanasios Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. Ageing effect on chemo-mechanics of bitumen. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2019, 22, 1044 -1059.

AMA Style

Ruxin Jing, Aikaterini Varveri, Xueyan Liu, Athanasios Scarpas, Sandra Erkens. Ageing effect on chemo-mechanics of bitumen. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2019; 22 (5):1044-1059.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruxin Jing; Aikaterini Varveri; Xueyan Liu; Athanasios Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. 2019. "Ageing effect on chemo-mechanics of bitumen." Road Materials and Pavement Design 22, no. 5: 1044-1059.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2019 in International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Martin Van De Ven; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. Control the crosslinking of epoxy-asphalt via induction heating. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2019, 21, 956 -965.

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Xueyan Liu, Martin Van De Ven, Sandra Erkens, Tom Scarpas. Control the crosslinking of epoxy-asphalt via induction heating. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2019; 21 (8):956-965.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Martin Van De Ven; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. 2019. "Control the crosslinking of epoxy-asphalt via induction heating." International Journal of Pavement Engineering 21, no. 8: 956-965.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2019 in International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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ACS Style

H. Zhang; K. Anupam; A. Scarpas; C. Kasbergen; Sandra Erkens. Effect of stone-on-stone contact on porous asphalt mixes: micromechanical analysis. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2019, 21, 990 -1001.

AMA Style

H. Zhang, K. Anupam, A. Scarpas, C. Kasbergen, Sandra Erkens. Effect of stone-on-stone contact on porous asphalt mixes: micromechanical analysis. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2019; 21 (8):990-1001.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Zhang; K. Anupam; A. Scarpas; C. Kasbergen; Sandra Erkens. 2019. "Effect of stone-on-stone contact on porous asphalt mixes: micromechanical analysis." International Journal of Pavement Engineering 21, no. 8: 990-1001.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2019 in International Journal of Pavement Engineering
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ACS Style

Ruxin Jing; Aikaterini Varveri; Xueyan Liu; Athanasios Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. Rheological, fatigue and relaxation properties of aged bitumen. International Journal of Pavement Engineering 2019, 21, 1024 -1033.

AMA Style

Ruxin Jing, Aikaterini Varveri, Xueyan Liu, Athanasios Scarpas, Sandra Erkens. Rheological, fatigue and relaxation properties of aged bitumen. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. 2019; 21 (8):1024-1033.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruxin Jing; Aikaterini Varveri; Xueyan Liu; Athanasios Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. 2019. "Rheological, fatigue and relaxation properties of aged bitumen." International Journal of Pavement Engineering 21, no. 8: 1024-1033.

Journal article
Published: 08 February 2019 in Road Materials and Pavement Design
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ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Christian Gerald Daniel; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. Effect of synthetic fibres on fracture performance of asphalt mortar. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2019, 21, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Xueyan Liu, Christian Gerald Daniel, Sandra Erkens, Tom Scarpas. Effect of synthetic fibres on fracture performance of asphalt mortar. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2019; 21 (7):1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Xueyan Liu; Christian Gerald Daniel; Sandra Erkens; Tom Scarpas. 2019. "Effect of synthetic fibres on fracture performance of asphalt mortar." Road Materials and Pavement Design 21, no. 7: 1-14.

Articles
Published: 27 December 2018 in Road Materials and Pavement Design
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Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology has been increasingly utilised in rubberised asphalt pavements to reduce the production and compaction temperatures and the incidental fumes and odours. This study aims to investigate the high, intermediate and low-temperature performance of crumb rubber modified asphalt binders containing WMA additives. The asphalt-rubber interactions under various mixing combinations of temperature and time were investigated through both microscopic and mechanical methods to obtain the optimum mixing procedure. The effects of WMA additives (wax-based and chemical-based products) on the binder performance were investigated by multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test, linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test and low-temperature frequency sweep test. Results show that rubberised asphalt binders significantly improve the binder performance of base asphalt at different temperature ranges. The effects of WMA additives on binder performance varied with base asphalt and rubberised asphalt binder. In addition, the nonrecoverable compliance difference was found not suitable to characterise the stress sensitivity of rubberised binders and the difference in the nonrecoverable compliance for an incremental change in applied stress was proved to be a more accurate alternative. For the cyclic LAS test, the failure energy was found to have a strong correlation with the predicted fatigue life using simplified viscoelastic continuum damage analysis and therefore can be considered as a simple indicator for binder fatigue performance ranking. Relaxation modulus and rate derived from low-temperature frequency sweep tests produced comparable results for ranking the low-temperature performance of different binders. It is feasible and promising to use a unified DSR test methodology to characterise the binder performance covering the whole service temperature range.

ACS Style

HaoPeng Wang; Xueyan Liu; Hong Zhang; Panos Apostolidis; Tom Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. Asphalt-rubber interaction and performance evaluation of rubberised asphalt binders containing non-foaming warm-mix additives. Road Materials and Pavement Design 2018, 21, 1612 -1633.

AMA Style

HaoPeng Wang, Xueyan Liu, Hong Zhang, Panos Apostolidis, Tom Scarpas, Sandra Erkens. Asphalt-rubber interaction and performance evaluation of rubberised asphalt binders containing non-foaming warm-mix additives. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 2018; 21 (6):1612-1633.

Chicago/Turabian Style

HaoPeng Wang; Xueyan Liu; Hong Zhang; Panos Apostolidis; Tom Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. 2018. "Asphalt-rubber interaction and performance evaluation of rubberised asphalt binders containing non-foaming warm-mix additives." Road Materials and Pavement Design 21, no. 6: 1612-1633.

Journal article
Published: 13 November 2018 in Applied Sciences
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Asphalt mortar is a mixture of bitumen, filler, and sand. Mortar plays an important role in asphalt mixtures as it serves as the adhesive between the coarser aggregates. Due to the effect of bitumen ageing, the chemical and mechanical properties of asphalt mortar evolve with time. The mortar becomes more brittle and prone to cracking, thus leading to inferior pavement performance. In this study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry was used to quantify changes in the chemical functional groups related to ageing and to calculate the carbonyl and sulfoxide indices. In addition, frequency sweep tests and uniaxial tension tests were performed by means of dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests to determine evolution of the stiffness and strength due to ageing. Two different oven ageing protocols were used to evaluate the effect of fine mineral particles on bitumen ageing. The protocols differed with respect to the order of ageing and mixing of the constituents. The results showed that both the chemical and mechanical properties of mortars significantly changed with ageing. Specifically, the carbonyl index, stiffness, and strength of the mortar increased. Under the same ageing conditions, a higher ageing level was observed for mortars produced by first mixing and then ageing compared to the mortars produced by mixing aged bitumen with filler and sand. This could be due to the presence of sand and filler particles, which resulted in an increased length of diffusion paths and consequently a slower ageing process.

ACS Style

Ruxin Jing; Xueyan Liu; Aikaterini Varveri; Athanasios Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. The Effect of Ageing on Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mortar. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 2231 .

AMA Style

Ruxin Jing, Xueyan Liu, Aikaterini Varveri, Athanasios Scarpas, Sandra Erkens. The Effect of Ageing on Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mortar. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (11):2231.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruxin Jing; Xueyan Liu; Aikaterini Varveri; Athanasios Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. 2018. "The Effect of Ageing on Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Mortar." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11: 2231.

Conference paper
Published: 13 September 2018 in High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6
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Ageing has a significant impact on the chemical and mechanical behavior of bituminous materials. In this study, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) tests were utilized to investigate the effect of ageing on the chemical and mechanical properties of bitumen. Bitumen films with thickness of 2 mm were exposed to laboratory ageing at various conditions. Specifically, different combinations of ageing time, temperature and pressure were applied on the materials. The FTIR results were used to quantify the changes in the chemical functional groups and to calculate the combined ageing index (summation of carbonyl and sulfoxide indices) of bitumen. In addition, the DSR test results were analyzed to determine the evolution of the crossover frequency and crossover modulus with ageing. A linear relationship was found between the combined ageing index and the distance in the crossover map, providing thus a chemo-mechanics framework to describe bitumen ageing.

ACS Style

Ruxin Jing; Aikaterini Varveri; Xueyan Liu; Athanasios Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. Ageing Effect on Chemo-Mechanics of Bitumen. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 2018, 71 -76.

AMA Style

Ruxin Jing, Aikaterini Varveri, Xueyan Liu, Athanasios Scarpas, Sandra Erkens. Ageing Effect on Chemo-Mechanics of Bitumen. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6. 2018; ():71-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ruxin Jing; Aikaterini Varveri; Xueyan Liu; Athanasios Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. 2018. "Ageing Effect on Chemo-Mechanics of Bitumen." High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 , no. : 71-76.

Research article
Published: 17 August 2018 in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
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With the effort to precisely predict the lifetime of asphalt binders and subsequently optimize their utilization in a more economical way, the objective of this study was to introduce a new methodology to improve the fatigue characterization of asphalt binders through a new dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) sample testing geometry. Initially, numerical analyses were performed to study the geometry-related issues of a standard DSR sample on time sweep tests, and to assist in the effort to increase understanding of the DSR damage phenomena of asphalt samples. On the basis of these numerical analyses, a new testing geometry, the parallel hollow plate, was developed and its test results compared with the standard sample testing geometry. A single type of asphalt binder was assessed using amplitude sweep tests. The obtained results demonstrated a significant difference between the fatigue of the two sets of DSR sample geometries. On the basis of these, time sweep tests were conducted for the same sample geometries and the results demonstrated that the new testing geometry yields material response consistency under different loading conditions. The lifetime prediction of the standard parallel plates showed a significant difference with the newly developed DSR sample testing geometry by overestimating the total number of cycles until asphalt binder failure. The new testing geometry allowed the isolation of the damaged area of asphalt binder by localizing the shear stresses in the samples’ periphery.

ACS Style

Panos Apostolidis; Cor Kasbergen; Amit Bhasin; Athanassios Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. Study of Asphalt Binder Fatigue with a New Dynamic Shear Rheometer Geometry. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2018, 2672, 290 -300.

AMA Style

Panos Apostolidis, Cor Kasbergen, Amit Bhasin, Athanassios Scarpas, Sandra Erkens. Study of Asphalt Binder Fatigue with a New Dynamic Shear Rheometer Geometry. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2018; 2672 (28):290-300.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panos Apostolidis; Cor Kasbergen; Amit Bhasin; Athanassios Scarpas; Sandra Erkens. 2018. "Study of Asphalt Binder Fatigue with a New Dynamic Shear Rheometer Geometry." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 28: 290-300.