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L. Gallo
Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’ Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy

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Journal article
Published: 20 August 2021 in Animals
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Italian dry-cured ham production requires pigs to be slaughtered at 160 ± 16 kg at 9 months of age (control, C). The study explored three alternatives, based on different feeding conditions: (1) allowing pigs to express their growth potential by letting them reach 160 ± 16 kg slaughter weight (SW) at younger slaughter age (SA) (younger Age, YA); (2) allowing pigs to express their growth potential by maximizing their SW at 9 months SA (greater weight, GW); (3) increasing the SA required to reach 160 ± 16 kg SW (older age, OA). Pigs (336 C21 Goland, 95 kg initial body weight) were slaughtered on average at 257, 230, 257, and 273 d SA and 172.7, 172.3, 192.9, and 169.3 SW kg for the four treatments, respectively. C pigs had an average daily gain (ADG) of 715 g/d and feed efficiency (FE) of 0.265 (gain to feed). Compared to C, YA pigs had higher ADG (+32%), FE (+7.5%), and better ham adiposity; GW pigs had higher carcass weight (+12%), ADG (+25%), trimmed ham weight (+10.9%), and better ham adiposity. OA treatment affected ADG (−16.4%), FE (−16.6%), and trimmed ham weight (−3.6%). YA and GW could be promising alternatives to C as they improved FE and ham quality traits.

ACS Style

Isaac Hyeladi Malgwi; Luigi Gallo; Veronika Halas; Valentina Bonfatti; Giuseppe Carcò; Celio Paolo Sasso; Paolo Carnier; Stefano Schiavon. The Implications of Changing Age and Weight at Slaughter of Heavy Pigs on Carcass and Green Ham Quality Traits. Animals 2021, 11, 2447 .

AMA Style

Isaac Hyeladi Malgwi, Luigi Gallo, Veronika Halas, Valentina Bonfatti, Giuseppe Carcò, Celio Paolo Sasso, Paolo Carnier, Stefano Schiavon. The Implications of Changing Age and Weight at Slaughter of Heavy Pigs on Carcass and Green Ham Quality Traits. Animals. 2021; 11 (8):2447.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Isaac Hyeladi Malgwi; Luigi Gallo; Veronika Halas; Valentina Bonfatti; Giuseppe Carcò; Celio Paolo Sasso; Paolo Carnier; Stefano Schiavon. 2021. "The Implications of Changing Age and Weight at Slaughter of Heavy Pigs on Carcass and Green Ham Quality Traits." Animals 11, no. 8: 2447.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2021 in Journal of Dairy Science
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ACS Style

S. Pegolo; L.F.M. Mota; V. Bisutti; M. Martinez-Castillero; D. Giannuzzi; L. Gallo; S. Schiavon; F. Tagliapietra; A. Revello Chion; E. Trevisi; R. Negrini; P. Ajmone Marsan; A. Cecchinato. Genetic parameters of differential somatic cell count, milk composition, and cheese-making traits measured and predicted using spectral data in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

S. Pegolo, L.F.M. Mota, V. Bisutti, M. Martinez-Castillero, D. Giannuzzi, L. Gallo, S. Schiavon, F. Tagliapietra, A. Revello Chion, E. Trevisi, R. Negrini, P. Ajmone Marsan, A. Cecchinato. Genetic parameters of differential somatic cell count, milk composition, and cheese-making traits measured and predicted using spectral data in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Pegolo; L.F.M. Mota; V. Bisutti; M. Martinez-Castillero; D. Giannuzzi; L. Gallo; S. Schiavon; F. Tagliapietra; A. Revello Chion; E. Trevisi; R. Negrini; P. Ajmone Marsan; A. Cecchinato. 2021. "Genetic parameters of differential somatic cell count, milk composition, and cheese-making traits measured and predicted using spectral data in Holstein cows." Journal of Dairy Science , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 April 2021 in Animals
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Intramuscular fat (IMF) is a major trait in the evaluation of beef meat, but its determination is subjective and inconsistent and still relies on visual inspection. This research objective was a method to predict IMF% from beef meat using ultrasound (US) imaging texture analysis. US images were performed on the longissimus thoracis muscle of 27 Charolaise heifers. Cuts from the 12th to 13th ribs were scanned. The lipid content of the muscle samples was determined with the petrol ether (Randall) extraction method. A stepwise linear discriminant analysis was used to screen US texture parameters. IMF% measured by chemical extraction (IMFqa) was the dependent variable and the results of the texture analysis were the explanatory variables. The model highlighted seven parameters, as a predictive and a multiple regression equation was created. Prediction of IMF content (IMFpred) was then validated using IMFqa as ground truth. Determination coefficient between IMFqa and IMFpred was R2 = 0.76, while the ROC analysis showing a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 90%. Bland-Altman plot upper and lower limit were +1.34 and −1.42, respectively (±1.96 SD), with a mean of −0.04. The results from the present study therefore suggest that prediction of IMF content in muscle mass by US texture analysis is possible.

ACS Style

Giorgia Fabbri; Matteo Gianesella; Luigi Gallo; Massimo Morgante; Barbara Contiero; Michele Muraro; Matteo Boso; Enrico Fiore. Application of Ultrasound Images Texture Analysis for the Estimation of Intramuscular Fat Content in the Longissimus Thoracis Muscle of Beef Cattle after Slaughter: A Methodological Study. Animals 2021, 11, 1117 .

AMA Style

Giorgia Fabbri, Matteo Gianesella, Luigi Gallo, Massimo Morgante, Barbara Contiero, Michele Muraro, Matteo Boso, Enrico Fiore. Application of Ultrasound Images Texture Analysis for the Estimation of Intramuscular Fat Content in the Longissimus Thoracis Muscle of Beef Cattle after Slaughter: A Methodological Study. Animals. 2021; 11 (4):1117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giorgia Fabbri; Matteo Gianesella; Luigi Gallo; Massimo Morgante; Barbara Contiero; Michele Muraro; Matteo Boso; Enrico Fiore. 2021. "Application of Ultrasound Images Texture Analysis for the Estimation of Intramuscular Fat Content in the Longissimus Thoracis Muscle of Beef Cattle after Slaughter: A Methodological Study." Animals 11, no. 4: 1117.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Journal of Dairy Science
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The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between differential somatic cell count (DSCC) and milk quality and udder health traits, and for the first time, between DSCC and milk coagulation properties and cheesemaking traits in a population of 1,264 Holstein cows reared in northern Italy. Differential somatic cell count represents the combined proportions of polymorphonuclear neutrophils plus lymphocytes (PMN-LYM) in the total somatic cell count (SCC), with macrophages (MAC) making up the remaining proportion. The milk traits investigated in this study were milk yield (MY), 8 traits related to milk composition and quality (fat, protein, casein, casein index, lactose, urea, pH, and milk conductivity), 9 milk coagulation traits [3 milk coagulation properties (MCP) and 6 curd firming (CF) traits], 7 cheesemaking traits, 3 cheese yield (CY) traits, and 4 milk nutrient recovery in the curd (REC) traits. A linear mixed model was fitted to explore the associations between SCS combined with DSCC and the aforementioned milk traits. An additional model was run, which included DSCC expressed as the PMN-LYM and MAC counts, obtained by multiplying the percentage of PMN-LYM and MAC by SCC in the milk for each cow in the data set. The unfavorable association between SCS and milk quality and technological traits was confirmed. Increased DSCC was instead associated with a linear increase in MY, casein index, and lactose proportion and a linear decrease in milk fat and milk conductivity. Accordingly, DSCC was favorably associated with all MCP and CF traits (with the exception of the time needed to achieve maximum, CF), particularly with rennet coagulation time, and it always displayed linear relationships. Differential somatic cell count was also positively associated with the recovery of milk nutrients in the curd (protein, fat, and energy), which increased linearly with increasing DSCC. The PMN-LYM count was rarely associated with milk traits, even though the pattern observed confirmed the results obtained when both SCS and DSCC were included in the model. The MAC count, however, showed the opposite pattern: MY, casein index, and lactose percentage decreased and milk conductivity increased with an increasing MAC count. No significant association was found between PMN-LYM count and MCP, CF, CY, and REC traits, whereas MAC count was unfavorably associated with MCP, CF traits, some CY traits, and all REC traits. Our results showed that the combined information derived from SCS and DSCC might be useful to monitor milk quality and cheesemaking-related traits.

ACS Style

S. Pegolo; D. Giannuzzi; V. Bisutti; R. Tessari; M.E. Gelain; L. Gallo; S. Schiavon; F. Tagliapietra; E. Trevisi; P. Ajmone Marsan; G. Bittante; A. Cecchinato. Associations between differential somatic cell count and milk yield, quality, and technological characteristics in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science 2021, 104, 4822 -4836.

AMA Style

S. Pegolo, D. Giannuzzi, V. Bisutti, R. Tessari, M.E. Gelain, L. Gallo, S. Schiavon, F. Tagliapietra, E. Trevisi, P. Ajmone Marsan, G. Bittante, A. Cecchinato. Associations between differential somatic cell count and milk yield, quality, and technological characteristics in Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 2021; 104 (4):4822-4836.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Pegolo; D. Giannuzzi; V. Bisutti; R. Tessari; M.E. Gelain; L. Gallo; S. Schiavon; F. Tagliapietra; E. Trevisi; P. Ajmone Marsan; G. Bittante; A. Cecchinato. 2021. "Associations between differential somatic cell count and milk yield, quality, and technological characteristics in Holstein cows." Journal of Dairy Science 104, no. 4: 4822-4836.

Short communication
Published: 01 January 2021 in Italian Journal of Animal Science
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This study compared the detailed mineral profiles of milk from purebred Holstein (HO) and four generations (F1 to F4) of crossbred cows (CR) derived from a 3-breed rotational crossbreeding system involving Viking Red (VR) and Montbéliarde (MO) sires. Purebred and CR were kept and fed together in the same herd. Individual milk samples were collected once per cow from 120 multiparous cows (40 HO and 20 for each generation of CR from F1 to F4). The milk samples were analysed for macrominerals (Na, Mg, P, S, K, Ca), essential (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo), and environmental microminerals (Li, B, Ba) using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. The coefficients of variation ranged from 11 to 28% for macrominerals and from 17 to 40% for microminerals. The mineral composition of milk from purebred HO and CR were mostly comparable. Conversely, it differed in different breed combinations of CR: VR-sired cows had the greatest macromineral contents, MO-sired cows the lowest, while HO-sired CR was intermediate. The milk from MO-sired crossbreds had lower contents of some microminerals (Mo, Zn, and Ba), while the milk from HO-sired crossbreds had greater contents (Fe and Mo). We conclude that the mineral profile of milk of CR derived from different combinations of VR, MO and HO breeds was comparable to that of milk from HO cows kept in the same herd, and that the variations in the macro- and micromineral profiles were greater among CR than between purebreds and crossbreds.

ACS Style

Sudeb Saha; Martina Piazza; Giovanni Bittante; Luigi Gallo. Macro- and micromineral composition of milk from purebred Holsteins and four generations of three-breed rotational crossbred cows from Viking Red, Montbéliarde and Holstein sires. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2021, 20, 447 -452.

AMA Style

Sudeb Saha, Martina Piazza, Giovanni Bittante, Luigi Gallo. Macro- and micromineral composition of milk from purebred Holsteins and four generations of three-breed rotational crossbred cows from Viking Red, Montbéliarde and Holstein sires. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2021; 20 (1):447-452.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sudeb Saha; Martina Piazza; Giovanni Bittante; Luigi Gallo. 2021. "Macro- and micromineral composition of milk from purebred Holsteins and four generations of three-breed rotational crossbred cows from Viking Red, Montbéliarde and Holstein sires." Italian Journal of Animal Science 20, no. 1: 447-452.

Journal article
Published: 30 November 2020 in Foods
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This study aimed to compare the volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles of cooked meat from different species. Four burgers were prepared and cooked from each of 100 meat samples obtained from 100 animals of five species/categories (chicken, turkey, pork, veal and beef) sourced from five supermarkets and five local butchers. Two burgers were cooked in a water bath and two were grilled. Direct proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass-spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) analysis of the sample headspace yielded 129 mass peaks, 64 of which were tentatively identified. The results showed that turkey and chicken had the largest and the smallest total concentrations of all VOCs, respectively. Of the mammalian meats, veal and beef had greater total VOC concentrations than pork. The proportions of the amounts of all the individual VOCs differed significantly according to species. Additionally, 14 of 17 independent latent explanatory factors (LEFs) identified by multivariate analysis exhibited significant differences between meat species/categories, and therefore helped to characterize them. PTR-ToF-MS has been used for the first time for the rapid and non-invasive profiling of cooked meat of different species/categories. Knowledge of specific VOC profiles paves new avenues for research aimed at characterizing species through sensory description, at authenticating species or at identifying abnormalities or fraud.

ACS Style

Qianlin Ni; Iuliia Khomenko; Luigi Gallo; Franco Biasioli; Giovanni Bittante. Rapid Profiling of the Volatilome of Cooked Meat by PTR-ToF-MS: Characterization of Chicken, Turkey, Pork, Veal and Beef Meat. Foods 2020, 9, 1776 .

AMA Style

Qianlin Ni, Iuliia Khomenko, Luigi Gallo, Franco Biasioli, Giovanni Bittante. Rapid Profiling of the Volatilome of Cooked Meat by PTR-ToF-MS: Characterization of Chicken, Turkey, Pork, Veal and Beef Meat. Foods. 2020; 9 (12):1776.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qianlin Ni; Iuliia Khomenko; Luigi Gallo; Franco Biasioli; Giovanni Bittante. 2020. "Rapid Profiling of the Volatilome of Cooked Meat by PTR-ToF-MS: Characterization of Chicken, Turkey, Pork, Veal and Beef Meat." Foods 9, no. 12: 1776.

Journal article
Published: 25 November 2020 in Foods
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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important contributors to meat aroma and are variably correlated with each other. To study the sources of variation and the correlations among meat VOCs, meat cuts from five animal species/categories (chicken, turkey, pork, veal, and beef; two animals/species/retailer: 100 meat cuts) were obtained by 10 retailers. Each cut was processed into four burgers, two of which were grilled and two were cooked in a water bath (400 meat burgers). VOCs were detected by Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass-Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). From these, 129 peaks were selected, of which 72 were tentatively identified as relevant VOCs. Pearson correlations revealed a large number of positive and negative relationships among the VOCs. A multivariate statistical analysis revealed that 87% of the matrix covariance was explained by 17 independent Latent Explanatory Factors (LEFs), which have been described and characterized. LEFs identified may be valuable tools for reducing the dimensionality of results from VOC analyses and can be useful for better understanding and interpreting the variation in the meat aroma profile, although further study is required to characterize their sensory meaning.

ACS Style

Giovanni Bittante; Qianlin Ni; Iuliia Khomenko; Luigi Gallo; Franco Biasioli. Rapid Profiling of the Volatilome of Cooked Meat by PTR-ToF-MS: Underlying Latent Explanatory Factors. Foods 2020, 9, 1738 .

AMA Style

Giovanni Bittante, Qianlin Ni, Iuliia Khomenko, Luigi Gallo, Franco Biasioli. Rapid Profiling of the Volatilome of Cooked Meat by PTR-ToF-MS: Underlying Latent Explanatory Factors. Foods. 2020; 9 (12):1738.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanni Bittante; Qianlin Ni; Iuliia Khomenko; Luigi Gallo; Franco Biasioli. 2020. "Rapid Profiling of the Volatilome of Cooked Meat by PTR-ToF-MS: Underlying Latent Explanatory Factors." Foods 9, no. 12: 1738.

Journal article
Published: 23 September 2020 in Animals
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Agonistic behavior after the regrouping of unfamiliar pigs has been recognized as one of the major welfare issues for pig husbandry, as it may result in lesions, lameness, and health problems. One scarcely investigated strategy to curb agonistic behavior is reducing the availability of visual stimuli potentially eliciting aggressions. In this study, we investigated the expression of agonistic behavior by growing pigs and the resulting accumulation of skin lesions over a period of 14 days following the formation of new social groups, which occurred in a condition of darkness maintained for 48 h. Compared to a simulated natural photoperiod (12 h light/day), darkness significantly reduced the number of skin lesions on the mid- and rear thirds of pigs’ body (p ≤ 0.01). A lack of corresponding decrease in frequency and duration of agonistic interactions suggests that darkness acts by decreasing the efficacy, not the expression, of aggressions. Furthermore, the location of lesions mostly affected by darkness indicates that the latter mostly acted by reducing the possibility of pigs to convey damage to a fleeing conspecific, rather than to one involved in a reciprocal fighting. The lighting regime provided did not affect growth performance traits of a 17-weeks feeding trial. The present results identify in the provision of darkness an easily applicable, and relatively inexpensive intervention, that leads to the reduction of skin lesions.

ACS Style

Lieta Marinelli; Paolo Mongillo; Paolo Carnier; Stefano Schiavon; Luigi Gallo. A Short Period of Darkness after Mixing of Growing Pigs Intended for PDO Hams Production Reduces Skin Lesions. Animals 2020, 10, 1729 .

AMA Style

Lieta Marinelli, Paolo Mongillo, Paolo Carnier, Stefano Schiavon, Luigi Gallo. A Short Period of Darkness after Mixing of Growing Pigs Intended for PDO Hams Production Reduces Skin Lesions. Animals. 2020; 10 (10):1729.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lieta Marinelli; Paolo Mongillo; Paolo Carnier; Stefano Schiavon; Luigi Gallo. 2020. "A Short Period of Darkness after Mixing of Growing Pigs Intended for PDO Hams Production Reduces Skin Lesions." Animals 10, no. 10: 1729.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2020 in Animals
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According to the alpine transhumance system, dairy cows are moved from indoor feeding with conserved forage to fresh herbage feeding on pasture. The aim of this study was to assess, as a feeding adaptation technique, the effect of a gradual inclusion of fresh herbage in the diet of Italian Simmental dairy cows before their transfer to alpine pasture on performance, behavior, and milk characteristics. Eighteen cows were assigned to three groups: animals transferred to alpine pasture with a 10-d feeding adaptation period consisting in gradual access to a pasture close to the valley farm (GT), animals transferred to alpine pasture without a feeding adaptation period (AT), and animals kept in the valley farm (IND). During the first two weeks of summer grazing, GT and AT showed higher rumination time and different concentrations of ketones, hydrocarbons, organic acids, toluene, alcohols, phenols, and dimethyl sulfone in milk as compared to IND, whereas no differences were found in milk yield, composition, or coagulation properties. No differences between GT and AT were evident for the studied variables. The feeding adaptation technique used in this study did not influence the performance and milk characteristics of Italian Simmental dairy cows grazing on alpine pasture.

ACS Style

Mirco Corazzin; Monica Berlese; Enrico Sturaro; Maurizio Ramanzin; Luigi Gallo; Eugenio Aprea; Flavia Gasperi; Damiano Gianelle; Stefano Bovolenta. Effect of Feeding Adaptation of Italian Simmental Cows before Summer Grazing on Animal Behavior and Milk Characteristics. Animals 2020, 10, 829 .

AMA Style

Mirco Corazzin, Monica Berlese, Enrico Sturaro, Maurizio Ramanzin, Luigi Gallo, Eugenio Aprea, Flavia Gasperi, Damiano Gianelle, Stefano Bovolenta. Effect of Feeding Adaptation of Italian Simmental Cows before Summer Grazing on Animal Behavior and Milk Characteristics. Animals. 2020; 10 (5):829.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mirco Corazzin; Monica Berlese; Enrico Sturaro; Maurizio Ramanzin; Luigi Gallo; Eugenio Aprea; Flavia Gasperi; Damiano Gianelle; Stefano Bovolenta. 2020. "Effect of Feeding Adaptation of Italian Simmental Cows before Summer Grazing on Animal Behavior and Milk Characteristics." Animals 10, no. 5: 829.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2020 in Food Microbiology
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In the present study, two groups of cows from a permanent lowland farm (PF) were divided during summer and reared in the PF or in a temporary alpine farm (ALP), respectively. Microbiological analyses were performed with the objective to investigate the microbial evolution of milk before, during, and after summer transhumance comparing, in particular, the two groups of cows to determine whether the alpine pasture could directly influence the milk microbiota. A significant increase of all microbial groups was registered in milk samples collected in the ALP. Interestingly, many strains belonging to species with well reported technological and probiotic activities were isolated from Alpine milk (20% Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis/cremoris, 18% Lactobacillus paracasei, 14% Bifidobacterium crudilactis and 18% Propionibacterium sp.), whereas only 16% of strains isolated from the permanent farm milk belonged to the species Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis/cremoris, 6% to Lactobacillus paracasei, 2% to Bifidobacterium crudilactis and 5% to Propionibacterium sp. The MiSeq Illumina data showed that Alpine milk presented a significant reduction of Pseudomonas and an increase of Lactococcus, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera. These data confirmed the practice of Alpine pasture as one of the main drivers affecting the milk microbiota. All the microbial changes disappeared when cows were delivered back from Alpine pasture to the indoor farm.

ACS Style

Ilaria Carafa; Irma Castro Navarro; Giovanni Bittante; Franco Tagliapietra; Luigi Gallo; Kieran Tuohy; Elena Franciosi. Shift in the cow milk microbiota during alpine pasture as analyzed by culture dependent and high-throughput sequencing techniques. Food Microbiology 2020, 91, 103504 .

AMA Style

Ilaria Carafa, Irma Castro Navarro, Giovanni Bittante, Franco Tagliapietra, Luigi Gallo, Kieran Tuohy, Elena Franciosi. Shift in the cow milk microbiota during alpine pasture as analyzed by culture dependent and high-throughput sequencing techniques. Food Microbiology. 2020; 91 ():103504.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Carafa; Irma Castro Navarro; Giovanni Bittante; Franco Tagliapietra; Luigi Gallo; Kieran Tuohy; Elena Franciosi. 2020. "Shift in the cow milk microbiota during alpine pasture as analyzed by culture dependent and high-throughput sequencing techniques." Food Microbiology 91, no. : 103504.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2020 in Journal of Dairy Science
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Crossbreeding is a strategy to counter the declining fertility, resilience, and longevity of purebred Holstein (Ho) cows. However, little is known of the effects of long-term systematic rotational crossbreeding on milk technological properties and cheese yield (CY). In this study, we compared the individual milk composition, milk coagulation properties (MCP), and CY of 468 purebred Ho and 648 crossbred (CR) cows obtained from two 3-breed rotational crossbreeding systems using Viking Red (VR), Montbéliarde (Mo), and Ho sires over 4 generations. Individual milk samples were collected once from 1,116 primiparous and multiparous cows kept in 2 dairy herds, raised for the production of Grana Padano (high milk yield, total mixed ration based on corn silage) and Parmigiano Reggiano (moderate milk yield, only dry feeds) cheeses. In both herds, a 3-breed rotational mating system was used in which Ho cows were first inseminated with VR, whereas Mo and Ho semen was used in the subsequent generations. In one herd, the sequence Mo-VR-Ho was also used. Individual milk samples were analyzed for milk composition, single-point MCP, and parameters for modeling curd firming over time, whereas CY and milk nutrient recovery in the curd were assessed through a laboratory cheese-making procedure. Compared with Ho, CR cows produced 5.8% less milk, which had comparable fat but greater protein and casein contents and lower lactose contents and somatic cell scores. Milk from CR cows tended to reach a curd firmness of 20 mm more quickly and exhibited greater curd firmness at 45 and 60 min from rennet addition. Holstein and CR cows yielded milk with similar CY and recovery in the curd traits. The milk fat content, somatic cell scores, curd firmness traits, and CY of CR cows relative to the Ho cows differed in the 2 herds, and the favorable effects on the CR cows were more evident in the herd with the greatest milk yield and the worst MCP traits. Crossbred cows of the 4 generations performed similarly, with the exception of the better MCP of the milk from first-generation CR cows. The 2 rotational systems using different sire-breed sequences also performed similarly. In summary, both rotational crossbreeding programs exhibited some advantage over the Ho purebred breeding system in terms of milk composition and MCP but not CY. Future research is needed to investigate the interactions between crossbreeding schemes and dairy systems.

ACS Style

S. Saha; N. Amalfitano; G. Bittante; L. Gallo. Milk coagulation traits and cheese yields of purebred Holsteins and 4 generations of 3-breed rotational crossbred cows from Viking Red, Montbéliarde, and Holstein bulls. Journal of Dairy Science 2020, 103, 3349 -3362.

AMA Style

S. Saha, N. Amalfitano, G. Bittante, L. Gallo. Milk coagulation traits and cheese yields of purebred Holsteins and 4 generations of 3-breed rotational crossbred cows from Viking Red, Montbéliarde, and Holstein bulls. Journal of Dairy Science. 2020; 103 (4):3349-3362.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Saha; N. Amalfitano; G. Bittante; L. Gallo. 2020. "Milk coagulation traits and cheese yields of purebred Holsteins and 4 generations of 3-breed rotational crossbred cows from Viking Red, Montbéliarde, and Holstein bulls." Journal of Dairy Science 103, no. 4: 3349-3362.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2019 in Animals
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We studied the response of pigs from two crossbred genetic lines (GL) in the 60 to 145 kg body weight interval to a variation in the indispensable amino acid (AA) content of their feed. Ninety-six barrows of two paternal GLs (Hypor Maxter and PIC 337) were housed in eight pens and fed quasi ad libitum on feeds differing in their standardized ileal digestible (SID) indispensable AA contents. Pigs in four pens received feeds containing 9.4 to 8.0 g/kg of SID Lys (HAA), considered non-limiting, while the others received feeds containing 8.5 to 6.5 g/kg of SID Lys (LAA). The two feeds had identical indispensable lysine, methionine, tryptophan and threonine contents per unit of crude protein (CP). Feed intake, growth, carcass weight, and the weights of the lean and fat cuts were recorded, and samples of longissimus lumborum were analyzed. Data were analyzed using a two-way factorial mixed model. The LAA feed lowered the estimated N excretion (p < 0.001) compared with HAA, without affecting growth, carcass or meat quality traits. Genetic line had trivial effects and the AA level × genotype interaction was never significant. The two pig genotypes did not differ sufficiently in growth potential and leanness to respond differently.

ACS Style

Stefano Schiavon; Giuseppe Carcò; Enrico Sturaro; Luigi Gallo; Mirco Dalla Bona. Responses of Pigs of Different Genotypes to a Variation in the Dietary Indispensable Amino Acid Content in Terms of Their Growth and Carcass and Meat Quality Traits. Animals 2019, 9, 508 .

AMA Style

Stefano Schiavon, Giuseppe Carcò, Enrico Sturaro, Luigi Gallo, Mirco Dalla Bona. Responses of Pigs of Different Genotypes to a Variation in the Dietary Indispensable Amino Acid Content in Terms of Their Growth and Carcass and Meat Quality Traits. Animals. 2019; 9 (8):508.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stefano Schiavon; Giuseppe Carcò; Enrico Sturaro; Luigi Gallo; Mirco Dalla Bona. 2019. "Responses of Pigs of Different Genotypes to a Variation in the Dietary Indispensable Amino Acid Content in Terms of Their Growth and Carcass and Meat Quality Traits." Animals 9, no. 8: 508.

Journal article
Published: 24 April 2019 in Animals
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Summer transhumance to alpine pastures (ALP) is widespread in dairy systems of alpine regions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of transhumance of Brown Swiss cows to ALP on the yield, composition, and coagulation properties of milk (MCP), and on cheese yield (CY). The study involved 12 multiparous cows kept at a mountain lowland permanent farm (PF), which were divided into two equal groups: One remained at the PF, the other was moved to the ALP (1860 m above sea level) from July to September. Every month (June to October), daily milk yield (MY) and body condition score (BCS) were recorded, and individual milk samples (n = 60, 2000 mL each) were collected to assess milk composition, MCP, and CY. Compared with PF, ALP cows had a reduced MY and BCS, which was maintained on return to the PF, greater fat and lower protein contents of milk. Neither MCP nor CY were affected by summer transhumance. In conclusion, summer transhumance did not affect the cheese making efficiency of milk but depressed MY and consequently daily cheese yield, which was nearly 2 kg/d lower for the ALP than the PF cows and was only partially recovered after returning to the PF in autumn.

ACS Style

Sudeb Saha; Nicolò Amalfitano; Enrico Sturaro; Stefano Schiavon; Franco Tagliapietra; Giovanni Bittante; Ilaria Carafa; Elena Franciosi; Luigi Gallo. Effects of Summer Transhumance of Dairy Cows to Alpine Pastures on Body Condition, Milk Yield and Composition, and Cheese Making Efficiency. Animals 2019, 9, 192 .

AMA Style

Sudeb Saha, Nicolò Amalfitano, Enrico Sturaro, Stefano Schiavon, Franco Tagliapietra, Giovanni Bittante, Ilaria Carafa, Elena Franciosi, Luigi Gallo. Effects of Summer Transhumance of Dairy Cows to Alpine Pastures on Body Condition, Milk Yield and Composition, and Cheese Making Efficiency. Animals. 2019; 9 (4):192.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sudeb Saha; Nicolò Amalfitano; Enrico Sturaro; Stefano Schiavon; Franco Tagliapietra; Giovanni Bittante; Ilaria Carafa; Elena Franciosi; Luigi Gallo. 2019. "Effects of Summer Transhumance of Dairy Cows to Alpine Pastures on Body Condition, Milk Yield and Composition, and Cheese Making Efficiency." Animals 9, no. 4: 192.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2019 in Animals
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The use of high grain rations in dairy cows is related to an increase in rumen acidity. This study investigated whether the rumen acidity status affects rumination time (RT), and the production, composition, coagulation properties (MCPs) and cheese yield (CY) of milk. One hundred early-lactating Holstein cows with no clinical signs of disease and fed total mixed rations were used. Rumen fluid was collected once from each cow by rumenocentesis to determine pH and volatile fatty acid (VFA) content. The cows were classified according to the quartile of rumen acidity (QRA), a factor defined by multivariate analysis and associated with VFA and pH. Rumen fluid pH averaged 5.61 in the first quartile and 6.42 in the fourth, and total VFA content increased linearly with increasing rumen acidity. In addition, RT increased as rumen acidity increased, but only in the daily time interval from 08:00 to 12:00. Milk yield linearly decreased as rumen acidity increased, whereas QRA did not affect pH, fat or protein contents of milk. Furthermore, the MCPs, assessed by lactodynamograph, and CY were unaffected by QRA. It is suggested that differences in rumen acidity have little influence on the nutrient content, coagulation properties and CY of milk.

ACS Style

Sudeb Saha; Luigi Gallo; Giovanni Bittante; Stefano Schiavon; Matteo Bergamaschi; Matteo Gianesella; Enrico Fiore. A Study on the Effects of Rumen Acidity on Rumination Time and Yield, Composition, and Technological Properties of Milk from Early Lactating Holstein Cows. Animals 2019, 9, 66 .

AMA Style

Sudeb Saha, Luigi Gallo, Giovanni Bittante, Stefano Schiavon, Matteo Bergamaschi, Matteo Gianesella, Enrico Fiore. A Study on the Effects of Rumen Acidity on Rumination Time and Yield, Composition, and Technological Properties of Milk from Early Lactating Holstein Cows. Animals. 2019; 9 (2):66.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sudeb Saha; Luigi Gallo; Giovanni Bittante; Stefano Schiavon; Matteo Bergamaschi; Matteo Gianesella; Enrico Fiore. 2019. "A Study on the Effects of Rumen Acidity on Rumination Time and Yield, Composition, and Technological Properties of Milk from Early Lactating Holstein Cows." Animals 9, no. 2: 66.

Journal article
Published: 10 January 2018 in Italian Journal of Animal Science
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Marco Berton; Giacomo Cesaro; Luigi Gallo; Maurizio Ramanzin; Enrico Sturaro. Sources of variation of the environmental impact of cereal-based intensive beef finishing herds. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2018, 17, 767 -776.

AMA Style

Marco Berton, Giacomo Cesaro, Luigi Gallo, Maurizio Ramanzin, Enrico Sturaro. Sources of variation of the environmental impact of cereal-based intensive beef finishing herds. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2018; 17 (3):767-776.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Berton; Giacomo Cesaro; Luigi Gallo; Maurizio Ramanzin; Enrico Sturaro. 2018. "Sources of variation of the environmental impact of cereal-based intensive beef finishing herds." Italian Journal of Animal Science 17, no. 3: 767-776.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Journal of Central European Agriculture
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Marco Berton; Luigi Gallo; Giuseppe Carcò; Stefano Schiavon; Enrico Sturaro. Effect of genetic type and low protein diets on the environmental footprint of intensive medium-heavy pig production system. Journal of Central European Agriculture 2018, 19, 852 -857.

AMA Style

Marco Berton, Luigi Gallo, Giuseppe Carcò, Stefano Schiavon, Enrico Sturaro. Effect of genetic type and low protein diets on the environmental footprint of intensive medium-heavy pig production system. Journal of Central European Agriculture. 2018; 19 (4):852-857.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Berton; Luigi Gallo; Giuseppe Carcò; Stefano Schiavon; Enrico Sturaro. 2018. "Effect of genetic type and low protein diets on the environmental footprint of intensive medium-heavy pig production system." Journal of Central European Agriculture 19, no. 4: 852-857.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in Agricultural Systems
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This study aims to evaluate the environmental footprint of the integrated France-Italy beef production system (extensive grassland-based suckler cow-calf farms in France with intensive cereal-based fattening farms in northeastern Italy) using a multi-indicator approach, which combines environmental impact categories computed with a cradle-to-farm gate Life Cycle Assessment, and food-related indicators based on the conversion of gross energy and protein of feedstuffs into raw boneless beef. The system boundaries were set from the calves' birth to their sale to the slaughterhouse, including the herd management, on- and off-farm feed production and materials used on the farms. One kilogram of body weight (BW) sold was used as the functional unit. The study involved 73 Charolais batches (i.e., a group of animals homogenous for age, finishing period and fattening farm), kept at 14 Italian farms. Data from 40 farms originating from the Charolais Network database (INRA) were used to characterize the French farm types, which were matched to the fattening batches according to the results of a cluster analysis. The impact categories assessed were as follows (mean +/- SD per kg BW): global warming potential (GWP, 13.0 +/- 0.7 kg CO2-eq, reduced to 9.9 +/- 0.7 kg CO2-eq when considering the carbon sequestration due to French suckler cow-calf system permanent grassland), acidification potential (AP, 193 +/- 13 g SO2-eq), eutrophication potential (EP, 57 +/- 4 g PO4-eq), cumulative energy demand (CED, 36 +/- 5 MJ), and land occupation (LO, 18.7 +/- 0.8 m(2)/year). The on-farm impacts outweighed those of the off-farm activities, except in the case of CED. On average, 41 MJ and 16.7 kg of dietary feed gross energy and protein were required to provide 1 MJ or 1 kg of protein of raw boneless beef, respectively, but nearly 85% and 80%, respectively, were derived from feedstuffs not suitable for human consumption. Emission-related (GWP, AP, EP) and resource utilization categories (CED, LO) were positively correlated. Food-related indicators showed positive correlations with emission-related indicators when the overall feedstuffs of the diet were considered but negative correlations when only the potentially human-edible portions of the beef diets were considered. In conclusion, the integration of the pasture-based France suckler cow-calf system with the cereal-based Italian fattening farms allows for the exploitation of the resources available, increasing the share of non-human-edible feedstuffs while maintaining good livestock productive efficiency. Combining indicators of impact categories with indicators of feed net supply may improve the assessment of the environmental footprint of livestock systems

ACS Style

Marco Berton; Jacques Agabriel; Luigi Gallo; Michel Lherm; Maurizio Ramanzin; Enrico Sturaro. Environmental footprint of the integrated France–Italy beef production system assessed through a multi-indicator approach. Agricultural Systems 2017, 155, 33 -42.

AMA Style

Marco Berton, Jacques Agabriel, Luigi Gallo, Michel Lherm, Maurizio Ramanzin, Enrico Sturaro. Environmental footprint of the integrated France–Italy beef production system assessed through a multi-indicator approach. Agricultural Systems. 2017; 155 ():33-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Berton; Jacques Agabriel; Luigi Gallo; Michel Lherm; Maurizio Ramanzin; Enrico Sturaro. 2017. "Environmental footprint of the integrated France–Italy beef production system assessed through a multi-indicator approach." Agricultural Systems 155, no. : 33-42.

Journal article
Published: 27 April 2017 in Italian Journal of Animal Science
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This study aimed at investigating the effects of growth rate (GR) on live performance, carcass and dressed green ham (DRHAM) traits of finishing heavy pigs managed in accordance with the regulations governing the production of Protected Denomination of Origin (PDO) dry-cured hams. Data were obtained from 233 crossbred pigs restrictively fed from 90 to 165 kg BW. Individual BW, daily feed intake, and weights of carcass and main cuts were recorded. Thighs were measured for subcutaneous fat thickness, analysed for fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat, and dry-cured hams were weighed. Records were classified according to GR quartile, calculated using the residuals of a statistical model that included the effects of pen, sex and diet. Data were analysed using the same model with the addition of the effect of GR quartile. Average GR ranged from 578 in the first quartile to 748 g/d in the fourth. Final BW and weights of carcass, DRHAM and dry-cured ham increased as the GR quartile increased (p < .01). An increase in GR improved feed efficiency linearly (p < .001) and tended to increase the thickness of subcutaneous fat of DRHAM, whereas seasoning losses decreased linearly with increasing average GR. In conclusion, targeting the GR of finishing pigs at a minimum of 750 g/d and consequently increasing final BW to around 175–180 kg may be a way to improve feed efficiency and some quality traits of DRHAM.

ACS Style

Luigi Gallo; Mirco Dalla Bona; Alessio Cecchinato; Stefano Schiavon. Effect of growth rate on live performance, carcass and green thigh traits of finishing Italian heavy pigs. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2017, 16, 652 -658.

AMA Style

Luigi Gallo, Mirco Dalla Bona, Alessio Cecchinato, Stefano Schiavon. Effect of growth rate on live performance, carcass and green thigh traits of finishing Italian heavy pigs. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 2017; 16 (4):652-658.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luigi Gallo; Mirco Dalla Bona; Alessio Cecchinato; Stefano Schiavon. 2017. "Effect of growth rate on live performance, carcass and green thigh traits of finishing Italian heavy pigs." Italian Journal of Animal Science 16, no. 4: 652-658.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Animal
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Beef production from cull cows is an additional source of income for dairy farms and greatly contributes to red meat production, but the sources of variation of live animal characteristics and the carcass traits of cull cows have rarely been examined. This study investigated the effects of the farm type, breed, age at slaughter (AGE) and calving to culling interval (Calv_Cull) on the body traits and carcass characteristics of dairy and dual-purpose cull cows. Data from 555 cull cows from 182 herds belonging to five farm types, characterised by a combination of housing and feeding systems, were recorded and analysed. Dairy breeds, such as Holstein Friesian and Brown Swiss, and dual-purpose breeds (Simmental, Rendena) were included in the trait assessments. The day before slaughter, the cows were weighed and scored for body condition (BCS) and fleshiness, and then, their heart girth and wither height were measured. At the slaughterhouse, the carcass weight (CW), dressing percentage (DP), carcass conformation and fatness scores, carcass price per kg and carcass total value were obtained. On average, the cows were slaughtered at nearly 71±27 months of age, 285±187 days after the last calving; 615±95 kg BW; and provided a 257±51 kg CW. Nearly 50% of the cows fell within the BCS range of 2.75 to 3.50, and the carcasses were mostly graded in the lowest class of conformation and fatness scores. Cull cows from free-stall farms had a higher DP, carcass conformation score and price than those from traditional tie-stall farms. The breed influenced the AGE, live animal characteristics and carcass traits. Cows from dairy breeds were younger at slaughter, had a lower BCS and fleshiness, and greater body measurements, but a lower DP and carcass price than those from dual-purpose breeds, although differences between the breeds were found within both groups. The age of the cows at slaughter influenced the Calv_Cull and increased the BW, body measurements and CW, but not the fleshiness and fatness appreciation (both in vivo and postmortem) or carcass price. The increasing Calv_Cull improved the BW, BCS, fleshiness, CW and carcass conformation and fatness. In conclusion, the decision to cull dairy cows should also take into account the factors that affect their carcass value in regards to improving the carcass price of cows.

ACS Style

L. Gallo; Enrico Sturaro; Giovanni Bittante. Body traits, carcass characteristics and price of cull cows as affected by farm type, breed, age and calving to culling interval. Animal 2017, 11, 696 -704.

AMA Style

L. Gallo, Enrico Sturaro, Giovanni Bittante. Body traits, carcass characteristics and price of cull cows as affected by farm type, breed, age and calving to culling interval. Animal. 2017; 11 (4):696-704.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Gallo; Enrico Sturaro; Giovanni Bittante. 2017. "Body traits, carcass characteristics and price of cull cows as affected by farm type, breed, age and calving to culling interval." Animal 11, no. 4: 696-704.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2016 in Meat Science
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In order to investigate the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) and lysine (Lys) content on some technological properties of green hams destined for Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) dry-cured ham, green hams visual appraisal scores, thickness, iodine number and fatty acid composition of subcutaneous fat, and ham weight losses during seasoning (SL) were assessed. The green hams were obtained from 233 pigs fed four diets containing 140 to 110 g/kg CP and 6.5 to 5.3 g/kg total Lys from 90 to 165 kg body weight. A reduction in dietary CP and Lys of up to 20% compared with conventional feeds led to a 15% increase in the thickness of the subcutaneous fat, a 5% decrease in linoleic and polyunsaturated fatty acids in subcutaneous fat and a 7% decrease in SL. A 20% reduction of CP and Lys in diets for finishing pigs has positive effects on the technological properties of green hams destined for PDO dry-cured ham production.

ACS Style

Luigi Gallo; Mirco Dalla Bona; Luca Carraro; Alessio Cecchinato; Paolo Carnier; Stefano Schiavon. Effect of progressive reduction in crude protein and lysine of heavy pigs diets on some technological properties of green hams destined for PDO dry-cured ham production. Meat Science 2016, 121, 135 -140.

AMA Style

Luigi Gallo, Mirco Dalla Bona, Luca Carraro, Alessio Cecchinato, Paolo Carnier, Stefano Schiavon. Effect of progressive reduction in crude protein and lysine of heavy pigs diets on some technological properties of green hams destined for PDO dry-cured ham production. Meat Science. 2016; 121 ():135-140.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luigi Gallo; Mirco Dalla Bona; Luca Carraro; Alessio Cecchinato; Paolo Carnier; Stefano Schiavon. 2016. "Effect of progressive reduction in crude protein and lysine of heavy pigs diets on some technological properties of green hams destined for PDO dry-cured ham production." Meat Science 121, no. : 135-140.