The dynamic growth of tourism in Serbia has significantly reshaped the spatial structure of destinations, raising important issues related to sustainable development and spatial management. This study aims to examine the perceived effectiveness of spatial planning in tourism, based on tourists’ assessments of plan implementation and its visible implications for sustainable development. The research was conducted in Serbia in 2025 using a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative analysis based on a survey of 208 valid respondents. The quantitative analysis included Spearman’s rank correlation and Z-test to examine relationships between variables and differences in attitudes, while qualitative insights were derived from open-ended responses. The results indicate a statistically significant positive correlation between the perceived implementation of spatial plans and the level of tourism development (Rs = 0.283, p < 0.001). However, the findings also reveal that 41.3% of respondents believe that tourism is only slightly considered in spatial plans, while 45.19% express negative attitudes toward the integration of tourism into planning processes. The study identifies key challenges, including weak cross-sector coordination, insufficient integration of tourism into spatial plans, and limited involvement of local communities. These findings highlight a critical gap between formal planning frameworks and their practical implementation. The main contribution of this research lies in providing empirical evidence from the perspective of tourists, a stakeholder group often overlooked in spatial planning studies, thereby addressing a gap in the literature on tourism–planning integration in Serbia. The results suggest that improving institutional coordination, strengthening participatory planning, and enhancing monitoring mechanisms are essential for achieving sustainable tourism development. The study offers targeted policy implications for aligning spatial planning with tourism development goals while preserving natural and cultural resources.

This study examines how Generation Z’s digital practices on TikTok and Instagram shape their music festival experiences, focusing on event perception, engagement, and the development of collective identity. The aim is to identify key factors connecting online and offline aspects of festival participation. The research adopts a quantitative approach based on an online survey of 248 respondents born between 1995 and 2010 from various regions of Serbia. Data were analyzed in SPSS 26.0 using Spearman correlation, quantile regression, and the Mann–Whitney test. Given the exploratory nature of the study, the findings should be interpreted accordingly. Findings show that frequent social media use has a positive but limited effect on how important these platforms are perceived for the festival experience. However, user-generated content created by attendees plays a more significant role in shaping engagement and attitudes than influencer content. Influencer credibility also influences how festivals are interpreted digitally. The interplay between online interaction and offline participation motivates content sharing and reinforces a sense of community. Overall, the study concludes that social media and digital narratives are central to Generation Z’s festival experience. Authentic, attendee-created content strongly contributes to collective identity, helping bridge digital and physical dimensions—insights valuable for festival organizers, influencers, and cultural tourism.

This study investigates the relationship between climate elements and river flow in the South Morava basin, emphasizing their dependence on the Mediterranean Oscillation Index (MOI). Data from the Korvingrad hydrological station, the Vranje synoptic station, and MOI records were analyzed over a 30-year period (1991-2020). Results indicate a positive trend in mean monthly temperatures across all months, with significant increases in February, March, and April. Significant trends were also observed in mean annual temperature and precipitation. Flow trends exhibited notable changes in March, with an annual flow value of 3.265 m³s⁻¹. The Pearson correlation coefficient revealed significant seasonal relationships between flow and precipitation, particularly in winter, summer, and autumn, while flow-temperature correlations were significant in summer and autumn. To further quantify these relationships, multiple linear regression was applied, using temperature and precipitation as independent variables and river flow as the dependent variable. The results demonstrated statistically significant associations in 11 out of 12 months, with the strongest linkage observed in November. Seasonal models indicated that precipitation had a dominant influence on flow in winter, spring, and autumn, while temperature had a relatively greater impact during the summer. The autumn model yielded the highest explanatory power (R² = 0.517). These findings underscore the Mediterranean Oscillation's role in shaping both climate variability and hydrological dynamics in the South Morava basin, while highlighting the importance of integrating statistical modeling to better understand seasonal patterns of flow response to climatic drivers.

This study examines how Generation Z’s digital practices on TikTok and Instagram shape their music festival experiences, focusing on event perception, engagement, and the development of collective identity. The aim is to identify key factors connecting online and offline aspects of festival participation. The research adopts a quantitative approach based on an online survey of 248 respondents born between 1995 and 2010 from various regions of Serbia. Data were analysed in SPSS 26.0 using Spearman correlation, quantile regression, and the Mann–Whitney test. Findings show that frequent social media use has a positive but limited effect on how important these platforms are perceived for the festival experience. However, user-generated content created by attendees plays a more significant role in shaping engagement and attitudes than influencer content. Influencer credibility also influences how festivals are interpreted digitally. The interplay between online interaction and offline participation motivates content sharing and reinforces a sense of community. Overall, the study concludes that social media and digital narratives are central to Generation Z’s festival experience. Authentic, attendee-created content strongly contributes to collective identity, helping bridge digital and physical dimensions – insights valuable for festival organisers, influencers, and cultural tourism.

The study includes an analysis of the vegetation cover on the territory of the Sumadija Administrative District (Central Serbia) from 2002 to 2024. Vegetation analysis was performed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in QGIS software. The method was used to identify grounds without vegetation and six distinct vegetation types were covered, with the goal of analyzing their changes in the study area. The research analyzed four Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 satellite scenes recorded in 2002, 2011, 2017, and 2024. Using the obtained NDVI values, vegetation types were mapped, and the area covered by each type was calculated. Vegetation cover underwent certain changes during the analyzed period in lower terrains and river valleys. An increase in areas without vegetation, areas overgrown with forest ecosystems, as well as areas of degraded forests, thickets, and thick shrub vegetation were registered. The reduction of agricultural land was recorded in all parts of the district, while the areas under vineyards and orchards decreased until 2017, after which their gradual increase was recorded. During the research period, the largest percentage increase was observed in areas overgrown with degraded forests, thickets, and dense bushy vegetation, whose share of the district’s total area increased from 5.71% to 10.34%. Significant changes in the areas of all vegetation types have been largely influenced by the processes of depopulation, deagrarization, and urbanization. The results contribute to better understanding of long-term landscape transformation in the district and provide a strategic basis for spatial planning, environmental conservation, and sustainable development.