In the last few years, induction motor fault detection has provoked great interest among researchers because it is a fundamental element of the electric-power industry, manufacturing enterprise, and services. Hence, considerable efforts have been carried out on developing reliable, low-cost procedures for fault diagnosis in induction motors (IM) since the early detection of any failure may prevent the machine from suffering a catastrophic damage. Therefore, many methodologies based on the IM startup transient current analysis have been proposed whose major disadvantages are the high mathematical complexity and demanding computational cost for their development. In this study, a straightforward procedure was introduced for identifying and classifying faults in IM. The proposed approach is based on the analysis of the startup transient current signal through the current signal homogeneity and the fourth central moment (kurtosis) analysis. These features are used for training a feed-forward, backpropagation artificial neural network used as a classifier. From experimentally obtained results, it was demonstrated that the brought-in scheme attained high certainty in recognizing and discriminating among five induction motor conditions, i.e., a motor in good physical condition (HLT), a motor with one broken rotor bar (1BRB), a motor with two broken rotor bars (2BRB), a motor with damage on the bearing outer race (BRN), and a motor with an unbalanced mechanical load (UNB).

Induction motors (IM) are key components of any industrial process; hence, it is important to carry out continuous monitoring to detect incipient faults in them in order to avoid interruptions on production lines. Broken rotor bars (BRBs), which are among the most regular and most complex to detect faults, have attracted the attention of many researchers, who are searching for reliable methods to recognize this condition with high certainty. Most proposed techniques in the literature are applied during the IM startup transient, making it necessary to develop more efficient fault detection techniques able to carry out fault identification during the IM steady state. In this work, a novel methodology based on motor current signal analysis and contrast estimation is introduced for BRB detection. It is worth noting that contrast has mainly been used in image processing for analyzing texture, and, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, it has never been used for diagnosing the operative condition of an induction motor. Experimental results from applying the approach put forward validate Unser and Tamura contrast definitions as useful indicators for identifying and classifying an IM operational condition as healthy, one broken bar (1BB), or two broken bars (2BB), with high certainty during its steady state.

Demographic change, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions are strongly interconnected in countries facing long-term sustainability challenges. Colombia is undergoing a demographic transition characterized by changes in population size, age structure, and progressive aging, while also seeking to sustain economic development and reduce environmental pressure. This study develops a calibrated system dynamics model that integrates three interacting modules: demographic structure, economic growth, and CO₂ emissions. The demographic module represents the population through three age groups: young population aged 0–14, working-age population aged 15–64, and older population aged 65 and above. The economic module links demographic structure with GDP per capita growth, while the environmental module represents CO₂ emissions through a compact Kaya/STIRPAT-type formulation based on population, income, and carbon intensity. The model was calibrated using historical data for Colombia over the period 2000–2023 and projected to 2050 under five alternative economic and decarbonization scenarios. The demographic module reproduced the total population with a mean absolute percentage error of 1.05% and an $R^2$ of 0.977. The economic module achieved a MAPE of 3.06% and an $R^2$ of 0.950 for GDP per capita, while the CO₂ module obtained a MAPE of 7.20% and an $R^2$ of 0.741. Scenario results indicate that, under the assumed decarbonization rates, stronger economic growth increases emissions unless accompanied by sufficiently deep carbon-intensity reductions. The proposed framework provides a transparent and policy-oriented tool to evaluate sustainable development pathways in Colombia, while the environmental results should be interpreted as conditional scenario outcomes rather than as a fully identified causal decomposition of emissions drivers.