The removal of organic pollutants from water sources can be enhanced using suitable adsorbents. The aim of this research was to study the adsorption capacity and potential reuse of a magnetic adsorbent prepared from agricultural wastes of yam peels (Dioscorea rotundata) for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) acid removal. The procedure was performed through carbonization and activation at 400 and 500 °C, respectively. Then, the as-prepared activated carbon (AC) was chemically modified using magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles. The AC and magnetic activated carbon (MAC) were characterized and then used for batch adsorption and regeneration tests at different pH, initial concentrations of 2,4-D, and temperature. AC and MAC were showed to have microporous structures with surface areas of 715 and 325 m²/g, respectively. Superparamagnetic behavior was observed for MAC with a saturation magnetization of 6 emu/g. The results from the batch experiments showed higher adsorption capacity at high initial concentration of 2,4-D, low pH, and room temperature. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the experiments proceeded as exothermic and spontaneous adsorption. Our findings also showed that MAC can be separated from the water medium through a facile magnetic procedure, and from regeneration experiments, MAC showed better results with 60% of its initial adsorption capacity after five cycles. Hence, MAC was found to be a promising alternative adsorbent of pesticides in water.

Demographic change, economic growth, and carbon dioxide emissions are strongly interconnected in countries facing long-term sustainability challenges. Colombia is undergoing a demographic transition characterized by changes in population size, age structure, and progressive aging, while also seeking to sustain economic development and reduce environmental pressure. This study develops a calibrated system dynamics model that integrates three interacting modules: demographic structure, economic growth, and CO₂ emissions. The demographic module represents the population through three age groups: young population aged 0–14, working-age population aged 15–64, and older population aged 65 and above. The economic module links demographic structure with GDP per capita growth, while the environmental module represents CO₂ emissions through a compact Kaya/STIRPAT-type formulation based on population, income, and carbon intensity. The model was calibrated using historical data for Colombia over the period 2000–2023 and projected to 2050 under five alternative economic and decarbonization scenarios. The demographic module reproduced the total population with a mean absolute percentage error of 1.05% and an $R^2$ of 0.977. The economic module achieved a MAPE of 3.06% and an $R^2$ of 0.950 for GDP per capita, while the CO₂ module obtained a MAPE of 7.20% and an $R^2$ of 0.741. Scenario results indicate that, under the assumed decarbonization rates, stronger economic growth increases emissions unless accompanied by sufficiently deep carbon-intensity reductions. The proposed framework provides a transparent and policy-oriented tool to evaluate sustainable development pathways in Colombia, while the environmental results should be interpreted as conditional scenario outcomes rather than as a fully identified causal decomposition of emissions drivers.

The exponential growth of live broadcasts has exacerbated the exposure of vulnerable audiences to inappropriate visual content, surpassing the capabilities of traditional reactive moderation. This systematic literature review investigates the potential of 3D object replacement algorithms as a proactive real-time solution. By analyzing research from the last five years, the study identifies key methodologies in photogrammetry, deep learning, and physically based rendering capable of dynamic substitution. Results indicate that while detection and modeling technologies are advanced, significant challenges regarding latency and visual coherence in dynamic environments remain. The paper concludes that integrating these technologies offers a promising pathway for automating content safety, particularly for protecting minors, though further research on real-time optimization is required. Spanish-language metadata / Metadatos en españolTítulo en español:Revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre algoritmos de reemplazo de objetos 3D en transmisiones en vivo Resumen: El crecimiento exponencial de las transmisiones en vivo ha incrementado la exposición de audiencias vulnerables a contenidos visuales inapropiados, superando las capacidades de la moderación reactiva tradicional. Esta revisión sistemática de la literatura investiga el potencial de los algoritmos de reemplazo de objetos 3D como una solución proactiva en tiempo real. Mediante el análisis de investigaciones publicadas durante los últimos cinco años, el estudio identifica metodologías clave de fotogrametría, aprendizaje profundo y renderizado basado en principios físicos capaces de realizar sustituciones dinámicas. Los resultados indican que, aunque las tecnologías de detección y modelado se encuentran avanzadas, persisten desafíos importantes relacionados con la latencia y la coherencia visual en entornos dinámicos. El artículo concluye que la integración de estas tecnologías ofrece una vía prometedora para automatizar la seguridad de los contenidos, particularmente para proteger a los menores de edad, aunque se requieren investigaciones adicionales sobre la optimización en tiempo real. Palabras Claves:Reemplazo de objetos 3D; transmisiones en vivo; moderación de contenidos; visión por computadora; fotogrametría. Smart citations: https://scite.ai/reports/10.61467/2007.1558.2026.v17i4.1330Dimensions.Open Alex.

The sustainability of territorial agri-food systems depends on whether high-value produce can reach a paying market. The yam supply chain of Montes de María, a post-conflict subregion of the Colombian Caribbean, sorts its product into a non-substitutable export grade and a local grade. This study identifies the structural conditions under which single-point dependence transforms a demand shock into food loss, integrating network analysis with a household survey of the territory. The chain is modeled as a weighted directed graph in three layers: value concentration, structural criticality via Menger edge connectivity, and a differential-equation model of export-grade erosion under a demand shock with saturating absorption and storage; a parallel food-insecurity and dietary-diversity survey sets the baseline. Results, reported as conditional scenarios, show the export value hangs on a single non-redundant channel: one cut disconnects it. Under a shock, permanent loss nears 18% of diverted product versus 50% without storage, while the export-income collapse (40–57%) is not buffered. With 41% of surveyed households food-insecure, this fragility can erode rural livelihoods through economic access. Diversifying the export outlet and strengthening local storage emerge as levers for a resilient and sustainable chain, supporting the access dimension of food security that underpins territorial peace.

The sustainability of territorial agri-food systems depends on whether high-value produce can reach a paying market. The yam supply chain of Montes de María, a post-conflict subregion of the Colombian Caribbean, sorts its product into a non-substitutable export grade and a local grade. This study assesses the structural resilience of the chain and its food-security implications by integrating network analysis with a household survey of the territory. The chain is modeled as a weighted directed graph in three layers: value concentration, structural criticality via Menger edge connectivity, and a differential-equation model of export-grade erosion under a demand shock with saturating absorption and storage; a parallel food-insecurity and dietary-diversity survey sets the baseline. Results, reported as conditional scenarios, show the export value hangs on a single non-redundant channel: one cut disconnects the export outlet. Under a shock, permanent loss nears 18% of the diverted product versus 50% without storage, while the export-income collapse, about 40% or 57% when severe, is not buffered. With 41% of surveyed households food-insecure, this fragility erodes rural livelihoods through economic access. Diversifying the export outlet and strengthening local storage emerge as levers for a more resilient and sustainable chain, supporting food security and territorial peace.