Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) require accurate information to be shared among vehicles and infrastructure nodes for applications including accident information or pre-crash warnings, to name a few. Due to its sensitive nature, ITS applications are vulnerable against data integrity attacks where nodes transmit false information that results in wrong decision making by the applications. A characteristic of such attacks is that the false transmitted information is significantly different than the actual information. In this paper, we propose an Outlier Detection, Prioritization and Verification (ODPV) protocol that efficiently isolates false data and improves traffic management decisions. ODPV uses the isolation forest algorithm to detect outliers, fuzzy logic to prioritize outliers and C-V2X communications to verify the outliers. Extensive simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed protocol to isolate the outliers.

In this work, the Schwarzschild black hole immersed in a Dehnen-type dark matter halo is considered for analyzing its various properties such as thermodynamics (through various entropies), shadow and optical appearance. For this purpose, we analytically describe the thermodynamic characteristics of BHs, like heat capacity and Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy, to study the local and global stability of such BHs by utilizing different entropy models. We also investigate the sparsity of Hawking radiations and found that the halo core radius and density are key factors determining the sparsity of this black hole. Astrophysical BHs are believed to be surrounded by luminous accretion disks. By considering the geometrically and optically thin accretion flow around the Schwarzschild black hole immersed in a Dehnen-type dark matter halo, we investigate the shadow and optical appearance of such a black hole. We show that in addition to the structure of the space-time geometry, the black hole’s image depends on the location of the accretion disk. By analyzing three specific radii, we determine the impact of direct emissions, photon rings, and lensing rings on the total intensity. The results indicate that direct emissions dominate the intensity while lensing and photon rings contribute minimally.

We explore higher-dimensional black holes (BHs) using the Sharma–Mittal entropy, a widely employed measure in BH thermodynamics due to the non-extensive nature of BHs. We compute different thermodynamic quantities like temperature, heat capacity, and Gibbs free energy to study the stability of higher-dimensional BHs in Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity (EGBG). We explicitly analyze the behavior for different horizon topologies (parameterized by k) in EGBG and observe that these BH exhibit both local and global instability. Additionally, we study the sparsity of Hawking radiation, noting that the sparsity parameter tends to zero as the horizon radius increases. It is also observed that emission of energy radiates most rapidly for larger BHs, which is consistent with physical observations. Furthermore, to support our analysis, we choose thermodynamical topology methods (specifically, the temperature and on-shell Gibbs free energy) to observe the stability of the aforementioned BH solutions. It is found that the total topological charge obtained from the free energy method leads to $$+\,1$$ + 1 for specific values of k, which also gives the confirmation of the stability of these BH solutions in EGBG for a specific choice of other constant parameters.

In the presence of exponential corrected entropy, we investigate the thermal stability and phase transitions of a charged 4D Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet-AdS black hole by using the formalism known as the deflection angle formalism. Specifically, with the help of the elliptic function analysis, we investigate the phase structure of the black hole by focusing on the optical aspects. This has come to our attention that the thermal variation of the deflection angle can be used to generate both stable and unstable phases. The Hawking-Page phase transition, which is derived from the Gibbs free energy optical dependence, is another issue that we investigate with the help of exponentially corrected entropy. In addition, there are particular points along the deflection angle that produce a transition between large and small black holes. Our Gibbs free energy versus deflection angle behavior showed that the deflection angle can be utilized as a relevant quantity to determine the critical behavior of AdS black holes. In the presence of exponential corrected entropy, the thermodynamic geometry of a charged 4D Einstein-Guass-Bonnet-AdS black hole is also discussed.

Chaotic motion near black holes has recently been examined through the lens of the Maldacena-Shenker-Stanford (MSS) chaos bound, but reported violations remain contradictory. A significant source of ambiguity stems from treating the particle angular momentum as an independently adjustable parameter instead of as a quantity fixed by the circular-orbit conditions. We develop a constrained framework in which the angular momentum is determined self-consistently from the geometry. Applied to the charged Kiselev black hole, this framework shows that certain previously reported violations of the chaos bound can be attributed to inconsistent parameter choices rather than to intrinsic curvature effects. By extending the analysis to geometries containing higher-order curvature terms, we find genuine chaos-bound violations at large charge-to-mass ratios, originating from curvature corrections rather than orbital parameters. Our approach, therefore, provides a systematic means to distinguish between parameter-induced (apparent) and curvature-induced (physical) violations in Einstein gravity and its extensions.